BME Exam 2 Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | Already Passed

BME Exam 2 Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | Already Passed 45. **(A) What is Recombinant DNA? (B) What can be produced through this process?** **Answer:** **A) Recombinant DNA consists of DNA molecules created by combining genetic material from different sources.** **B) The products of this process can be the recombinant DNA itself, or the RNA and proteins synthesized from it.** 46. **Explain the process of cloning DNA using bacteria, including (1) the definition of a plasmid, (2) the role of restriction enzymes, (3) one method of DNA insertion into cells, and (4) how to eliminate bacteria without the new genetic material.** **Answer:** **We clone DNA by integrating DNA sequences into bacterial plasmids.** **1) Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found outside the chromosomal DNA in bacteria.** **2) Restriction enzymes cut the plasmid and DNA at specific sequences to allow insertion.** **3) The plasmid with the inserted DNA can be introduced back into bacteria through methods like calcium ions and heat shock, gene guns, or viral delivery.** **4) To ensure only bacteria with the new genetic material grow, an antibiotic resistance gene is added. Bacteria without this gene will die when exposed to the antibiotic.** 47. **(A) Define Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). (B) Describe the steps involved in PCR, including the approximate temperatures. (C) List two applications of PCR.** **Answer:** **A) Polymerase Chain Reaction is a method used to amplify DNA sequences in vitro through cycles.** **B) The steps are:** **1) Denaturation: Heating the DNA to 94°C to separate strands.** **2) Annealing: Cooling to 37-65°C to allow primers to hybridize to the DNA.** **3) Extension: Raising the temperature to 70-75°C for DNA synthesis from primers.** **C) PCR is applied in prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders and carrier testing for genetic diseases.** 48. **List five differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.** **Answer:** **- Prokaryotic cells are smaller.** **- They lack organelles.**