Animal Physiology-Exam 1

Homeostasis - answer-the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant Negative Feedback - answer-a stimulus that the body opposes and then works to negate it in order to ACHIEVE HOMEOSTASIS. Ex. Blood Sugar Regulation: When body takes in sugar, insulin is released into the blood stream to trigger cells uptake of glucose and convert excess to glycogen for storage. Positive Feedback - answer-a stimulus in the body that the body promotes for its betterment. Does NOT ACHIEVE HOMEOSTASIS Ex. Uterine contractions get stronger and stronger to give birth. OR Nerve Velocity when axons allow signals to leave the nerve and travel faster by skipping through segments. Regulation - answer-animal maintains internal constancy in the face of external variability Ex. When salmon cross from salt to fresh water, they regulate salt and water concentrations in urine and body through osmosis. Conformation - answer-internal and external conditions are permitted to be equal Ex. When salmon cross between waters, body temperature conforms to that of the water surrounding it. Acute Changes - answer-Immediate responses with no long term effects. Ie. putting on a sweater, standing in the shade, cuttlefish/chameleons changing color. Chronic Changes - answer-Changes not immediately reversible, but eventually will reverse. Ie. tanning, dogs shedding, Evolutionary Changes - answer-Changes that happen over generations for 1000s of years. Ie. fish getting legs to become people Phenotypic Plasticity - answer-being able to better achieve changes due to adaptations in DNA. Ie. Plants being able to be exposed to both air and water: spindly roots underwater for water nutrient uptake and leafy structures above for photosynthetic processes. Or people having better tanning abilities than others because of genetic background and heritage Acclimitization - answer-a chronic response that animals make to a natural change in their environment. Ie. hibernation in bears, growth and shedding of undercoat in mammals with the change of seasons Internal Physiological Clock - answer-Biological rhythms; menstrual cycles, puberty. External Physiological Clock - answer-Bears know to eat to fatten up for hibernation due to weather changes before winter Components of the Phospholipid Bilayer - answer-2 layers of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, and stiff cholesterol stands in between Cholesterol - answer-Not a bad thing. But too much can raise blood pressure. Cholesterol makes the phospholipid bilayer stiff and restricts blood vessels causing difficulty for blood to flow, thus raising BP. Saturated Fats - answer-Solid at room temperature (Butter & Coconut Oil) Fish in the tropics more likely to have these. Molecular structure without double bonds and filled with hydrogen. Unsaturated Fats - answer-Liquid at room temperature (Olive Oil & Corn Oil) Arctic fish, polar bears, have these. At least one double bond btw carbons in the structure (monounsaturated) in cis orientation with multiple double bonds (polyunsaturated) Trans Fats - answer-Trans orientated unsaturated, manufactured fats, super solid at room temperature to prolong shelf life of goods. BAD: Can RAISE levels of LDL (low density lipoproteins) in the blood which is associated with cardiac disease Proteins (4 kinds) - answer-Makes up 1/2 of organic compounds. -Enzyme Proteins: speed up and regulate chemical rxns -Muscle Proteins: Locomotion -Transport Proteins: Moves stuff throughout the body (hemoglobin) -Structural Proteins: Framework for the body (connective tissue) Essential Amino Acids - answer-9 Essential Amino Acids that we cannot make ourselves: -Tryptophan -Methionine -Leucine -Isoleucine -Lysine -Histidine -Phenylaline -Valine -Threonine Complementary Proteins - answer-Incomplete proteins that create complete proteins in order to get essential amino acid intake -Beans & Rice -Lentils & Oats -Peanuts & Bread -Macaroni & Cheese -Nuts & Corn Lipids - answer-Principle Compounds of Membranes. Long-term storage energy for animals. Made of Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol. Essential Lipids - answer-Omega 3s & 6s. Carbohydrates - answer-3 Types: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides No essential Carbs. Monosaccharides - answer-Quick bursts of energy because molecules are small and easy for breakdown: Fructose & Glucose Disaccharides - answer--Sucrose=Glucose + Fructose -Lactose=Glucose + Galactose Polysaccharides - answer-Made of 10+ monosaccharides. Long-term lasting energy =POTATOOOOES (Starch) Lipid-Soluble Vitamins - answer-Carbon Based (organic) ADEK. Possible to OD on. Water-Soluble Vitamins - answer-Carbon Based (organic) C & Bs. Dissolved in water. Don't boil vegetables! Minerals - answer-Inorganic metals. 20+ needed for the body. -Iron, Calcium, Zinc Modes of Feeding - answer--Target Eating: See & Eat (hunting; whales & people ) -Suspension Feeding: Filter feeders (whales) -Symbiosis: Photosynthetic Autotrophs, Chemosynthetic Autotrophs, Heterotrophic Microbes Symbiosis - answer--Photosynthetic Autotrophs: consumes algae for essential food (corals & jellyfish) -Chemosynthetic Autotrophs: Chemoautotrophic Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria in hydrothermal vent communities -Heterotrophic Microbes: Fermentors in ruminent animals in the foregut. (enzymes that catalyze rxns w/o oxygen) Ruminents - answer-Can digest cellulose because they have special digestive enzymes Multiple foreguts. Human Digestion - answer--Midgut absorption -Extracellular digestion -Movement by peristalsis & segmentation -Accessory Organs: gallbladder (breaks down lipids) & pancreas (breaks down carbs) Arthropod Digestion - answer--Absorption in the midgut (large intestine) -Extracellular digestion -Hepatopancreas for extra digestion where food an enter. -Crop and gizzard for breakdown and food storage Mollusk Digestion - answer--Movement by ciliary action -Intracellular digestion -Pathway: Esophagus - stomach - rectum Enzymes Location Breakdown - answer-Mouth: lipids & carbs Stomach: proteins & lipids Intestines: everything Proteins- protease Lipids- lipase Sucrose- sucrase Hydrolytic Enzymes - answer--"Tears Water Apart" -Breaks larger molecules into smaller parts Intraluminal Enzymes - answer-Found in the lumen of guts. Extracellular Digestion