Viruses and Evolution:
Fick’s Law of Diffusion: Q=DA P1-P2/L
Q= Rate at which gas diffuses between 2 points.
D=Diffusion coefficient-which gas, which medium it’s in, temperature. Can change when there is a liquid.
A=Area across which gas diffuses.
L=the Length between the 2 points.
P1-P2=Partial pressure of the gas attack.
Diversity of viruses:
To reproduce, it must invade a host cell, take control of the host cell’s machinery to make copies of itself, and
destroy the host cell.
Gene: Basic unit of heredity, blueprint for all components of the body (structures, enzymes, proteins, etc).
A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome.
Allele- A variant of a gene; arose due to mutation.
Genotype=genetic information that codes for Phenotype=physical trait.
What causes allele frequencies to change over time:
1) Genetic drift: Alleles can be lost. Changes in allele frequencies due to chance events. More likely to
impact small populations.
2) Natural Selection: Only one that is not random
3) Gene Flow: Transfer of alleles from a population. Movement of alleles from one population to another.
Lorenz Ice Sheet, 95,000-20,000 years ago.
Gaps in the chart detect homozygosity: inbreeding.
4) Mutation: Random change in DNA: Change in DNA. The ultimate source of new alleles.
Sickle Cell Anemia: Mutations in beta globin gene.
Huntington Disease: Mutations in Huntington gene.
Cystic Fibrosis: Mutations in CFTR gene.
Cancer is caused by a series of mutations.
The more prolific reproduction of individuals with favorable traits that have survived environmental change
because of those traits.
, Increase in frequency of a particular allele (and decrease of other alleles) because individuals with the particular
allele are more likely to survive and reproduce (passing the allele on to their offspring) in a particular
environment than are individuals with other alleles
-If a population has:
1. Variation in a trait.
2. Fitness differences (relationship between trait and some reproduction or survivorship
3. Heritability of trait (must be at least partially heritable).
Then:
Trait frequency (and therefore allele frequency) can change over generations.
Leading to … Adaptations (heritable traits that help an organism’s survival and reproduction).
Antimicrobial agents: Control and treat a variety of bacterial infectious diseases. The use and sometimes misuse.
Not only do antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens in animals pose a risk in terms of human health.
Conjugation is mediated by plasmid which occurs independent of the chromosomes.
Evolution is the major unifying principle of biology.
Darwin argued that differential survival and reproduction in individuals in a population= natural selection
could account for much of the evolution of life.
Natural selection leads to populations of organisms where individuals have adaptations: structural,
physiological, or behavior traits that enhance an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness).
Adaptations in viruses have trade offs too.
● Virulence (how sick a virus makes you) and Ease of Transmission.
● More virulent, less chance of transmission: vice versa.
● Adaptation v Acclimation:
● Adaptation: A genetic trait that gives an advantage over another organism. A structural, behavioral, or
physiological trait (phenotype) that occurs within a species that results in differential reproduction and
fitness for those individuals.
● Acclimation: Things that an organism can do that help it survive in its environment. It is a slow
reversible change to the body that allows an organism to handle a different environment. It can happen
in animals such as salmon that move between freshwater and saltwater.
● Viruses can mutate…quickly.
Fick’s Law of Diffusion: Q=DA P1-P2/L
Q= Rate at which gas diffuses between 2 points.
D=Diffusion coefficient-which gas, which medium it’s in, temperature. Can change when there is a liquid.
A=Area across which gas diffuses.
L=the Length between the 2 points.
P1-P2=Partial pressure of the gas attack.
Diversity of viruses:
To reproduce, it must invade a host cell, take control of the host cell’s machinery to make copies of itself, and
destroy the host cell.
Gene: Basic unit of heredity, blueprint for all components of the body (structures, enzymes, proteins, etc).
A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome.
Allele- A variant of a gene; arose due to mutation.
Genotype=genetic information that codes for Phenotype=physical trait.
What causes allele frequencies to change over time:
1) Genetic drift: Alleles can be lost. Changes in allele frequencies due to chance events. More likely to
impact small populations.
2) Natural Selection: Only one that is not random
3) Gene Flow: Transfer of alleles from a population. Movement of alleles from one population to another.
Lorenz Ice Sheet, 95,000-20,000 years ago.
Gaps in the chart detect homozygosity: inbreeding.
4) Mutation: Random change in DNA: Change in DNA. The ultimate source of new alleles.
Sickle Cell Anemia: Mutations in beta globin gene.
Huntington Disease: Mutations in Huntington gene.
Cystic Fibrosis: Mutations in CFTR gene.
Cancer is caused by a series of mutations.
The more prolific reproduction of individuals with favorable traits that have survived environmental change
because of those traits.
, Increase in frequency of a particular allele (and decrease of other alleles) because individuals with the particular
allele are more likely to survive and reproduce (passing the allele on to their offspring) in a particular
environment than are individuals with other alleles
-If a population has:
1. Variation in a trait.
2. Fitness differences (relationship between trait and some reproduction or survivorship
3. Heritability of trait (must be at least partially heritable).
Then:
Trait frequency (and therefore allele frequency) can change over generations.
Leading to … Adaptations (heritable traits that help an organism’s survival and reproduction).
Antimicrobial agents: Control and treat a variety of bacterial infectious diseases. The use and sometimes misuse.
Not only do antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens in animals pose a risk in terms of human health.
Conjugation is mediated by plasmid which occurs independent of the chromosomes.
Evolution is the major unifying principle of biology.
Darwin argued that differential survival and reproduction in individuals in a population= natural selection
could account for much of the evolution of life.
Natural selection leads to populations of organisms where individuals have adaptations: structural,
physiological, or behavior traits that enhance an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness).
Adaptations in viruses have trade offs too.
● Virulence (how sick a virus makes you) and Ease of Transmission.
● More virulent, less chance of transmission: vice versa.
● Adaptation v Acclimation:
● Adaptation: A genetic trait that gives an advantage over another organism. A structural, behavioral, or
physiological trait (phenotype) that occurs within a species that results in differential reproduction and
fitness for those individuals.
● Acclimation: Things that an organism can do that help it survive in its environment. It is a slow
reversible change to the body that allows an organism to handle a different environment. It can happen
in animals such as salmon that move between freshwater and saltwater.
● Viruses can mutate…quickly.
