CSCC Psychology 1100 Final Exam Questions and Answers with complete solution

_____ is the perceptual experience of the frequency of a sound, whether it is high like a whistle or low like a bass horn. We perceive high-frequency sounds as having a high ______, and low-frequency sounds as having a low ______. - Pitch ______ ______ is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly - Sleep apnea ______ _________ come in two types; unipolar and bipolar, accompanied by depression and manic episodes. - Mood disorder (Bipolar) ______ determines the sound wave's frequency, that is, the number of cycles (full ________) that pass through a point in a given time interval. - Wavelength _______ __________ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts. According to the theory, we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do. - Cognitive dissonance _______ research is interested in discovering relationships between variables. - Correlational. The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a correlational coefficient, which is most commonly represented by the letter r. The correlation coefficient is a statistic that tells us two things about the relationship between two variables—its strength and its direction. The value of a correlation always falls between −1.00 and +1.00. The number or magnitude of the correlation tells us about the strength of the relationship. The closer the number is to ±1.00, the stronger the relationship. The sign (+ or −) tells us about the direction of the relationship between the variables. A positive sign means that as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases the other does as well. When variables are positively correlated, they change in the same direction. A negative sign means that as one variable increases, the other decreases. Negatively correlated variables change together but do so in the opposite direction. A zero correlation means that there is no systematic relationship between the variables.________ ________ are daily behavioral or physiological cycles. Daily ________ ________ involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level - Circadian rhythms ________ __________ involves changes that occur with age in people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide them as they interact with others. Kohlberg proposed a cognitive-developmental theory of ______ _________ with three levels (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional) - Moral development ________ disorders involve fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life. ______: Disabling psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts - Anxiety ________ learning (or implicit learning) is unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. _______ learning is sometimes called incidental learning because it "just happens" as a result of experience. - Latent ________ Therapies, also called biomedical therapies; treatments that reduce of eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning. - Biological therapy _________ behavior interferes with one's ability to function effectively in the world. - Maladaption __________ ______ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group - Stereotype threat __________ ________ are disorders in which the individual suffers from depression, an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life. - Major depressive disorder __________ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur. - Punishment__________ research involves finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable. - Descriptive ___________-- is the process by which a stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again. Such consequences of a behavior fall into two types, called positive and negative. Both types of consequences increase the frequency of a behavior. - Reinforcement "Intelligence quotient", an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 If mental age is the same as chronological age, then the individual's IQ is 100 (average); if mental age is above chronological age, the IQ is more than 100 (above average); if mental age is below chronological age, the IQ is less than 100 (below average). For example, a 6-year-old child with a mental age of 8 has an IQ of 133, whereas a 6-year-old child with a mental age of 5 has an IQ of 83. - IQ scores A ____ stimulus is a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. - Neutral stiumulus A _____ ______ is an in-depth look at a single individual. - Case study