OSMOSIS
Osmosis is the movement of water from a higher water concentration to
a lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane.
Dilute solutions have a higher concentration of water molecules than
concentrated solutions which have a low concentration of water molecules.
Low concentration of water
High Concentration of water.
OSMOSIS IN ANIMAL CELLS
Animal cells have no cell wall to stop them from swelling up or shrinking due to
osmosis.
In dilute solutions (eg: water), animal cells can burst.
In concentrated solutions, animal cells can shrink.
OSMOSIS IN PLANT CELLS
Plant cells have a cell wall which allows them to swell up without bursting. We
use specific terms to describe the effects of osmosis on plant cells:
In dilute solutions (eg: pure water) plant cells become turgid (swollen).
In concentrated solutions (eg: solutions with a high concentration of sugar)
plant cells become sunken.
CYTOPLASM
The cytoplasm of cells is a relatively concentrated solution. It contains a low
concentration of water.
If we place this cell in water, then osmosis will take place. Water will move from
outside the cytoplasm cell to inside the cells.
QUESTIONS:
What does the term “turgid” mean? What type of cell is it used for?
What type of membrane is required for Osmosis?
In concentrated solutions, animal cells can *****?
Animal cells have no?
, THE HEART
The circulatory system (transport system)
transports oxygen and nutrients.
Blood - Carries oxygen and nutrients.
Blood vessels - Hold the blood.
The Heart - Pumps the blood to keep it moving through the vessels
The AORTA transports oxygenated
blood from the heart to the rest of
the body.
The pulmonary artery transports
deoxygenated blood from the heart
to the lungs.
The pulmonary vein transports
oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart.
The VENA CAVA transports
deoxygenated blood from the body
to the heart.
ARTERIES move blood away from the CAPILLARIES move blood from the
heart fast, leading to a high blood heart and back to the heart. There is
pressure. The wall structure is thick and a high blood pressure. The walls of the
arteries contain muscles and elastic capillaries are only once cells thick so
fibres to keep up with the pressure. ThereCO2 and O2 can diffuse easily. The
are no valves present in arteries and the walls mean there’s only a thin vessel
blood is usually oxygenated. and a narrow lumen. There are no
valves and the blood in the capillaries
VEINS move blood away from organs in the is deoxygenated.
body and moves blood towards the heart.
This means the blood pressure in the veins BLOOD VESSELS:
is low (meaning there are thin walls). The Arteries - Thick layers of muscles and
wall thickness leads to a large lumen and elastic fibres. High blood pressure.
veins often have valves to keep the blood Capillaries - Permeable walls. High
flowing in the right direction and prevent blood pressure.
back flow. The blood is usually Veins - Contains valves to prevent a
deoxygenated in the veins. backflow of blood. Low blood pressure.
, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Alkenes and their Properties.
Crude Oil is a fossil fuel formed mostly from dead sea creatures (eg: Plankton). It
is the source of many fuels and other chemicals such as plastic.
Crude Oil is also a mixture of hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons and compounds made
up of only Hydrogen and Carbon atoms).
Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are of a group called “Alkenes”.
Alkanes are made up of a chain of carbon atoms, with as many hydrogen atoms
bonded to it as possible.
General formula : CnH2n+2
Take the number of C atoms, x2 and +2
and you get the number of H atoms.
The properties of Alkanes change with
the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule.
When hydrocarbons / Alkanes are burned in a plentiful supply of Oxygen also
called “complete combustion”, the carbon oxidises into Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and
the hydrogen oxidises into water (H2O).
If there isn’t enough oxygen, incomplete combustion takes place and carbon
monoxide / carbon soot is made.
Osmosis is the movement of water from a higher water concentration to
a lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane.
Dilute solutions have a higher concentration of water molecules than
concentrated solutions which have a low concentration of water molecules.
Low concentration of water
High Concentration of water.
OSMOSIS IN ANIMAL CELLS
Animal cells have no cell wall to stop them from swelling up or shrinking due to
osmosis.
In dilute solutions (eg: water), animal cells can burst.
In concentrated solutions, animal cells can shrink.
OSMOSIS IN PLANT CELLS
Plant cells have a cell wall which allows them to swell up without bursting. We
use specific terms to describe the effects of osmosis on plant cells:
In dilute solutions (eg: pure water) plant cells become turgid (swollen).
In concentrated solutions (eg: solutions with a high concentration of sugar)
plant cells become sunken.
CYTOPLASM
The cytoplasm of cells is a relatively concentrated solution. It contains a low
concentration of water.
If we place this cell in water, then osmosis will take place. Water will move from
outside the cytoplasm cell to inside the cells.
QUESTIONS:
What does the term “turgid” mean? What type of cell is it used for?
What type of membrane is required for Osmosis?
In concentrated solutions, animal cells can *****?
Animal cells have no?
, THE HEART
The circulatory system (transport system)
transports oxygen and nutrients.
Blood - Carries oxygen and nutrients.
Blood vessels - Hold the blood.
The Heart - Pumps the blood to keep it moving through the vessels
The AORTA transports oxygenated
blood from the heart to the rest of
the body.
The pulmonary artery transports
deoxygenated blood from the heart
to the lungs.
The pulmonary vein transports
oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart.
The VENA CAVA transports
deoxygenated blood from the body
to the heart.
ARTERIES move blood away from the CAPILLARIES move blood from the
heart fast, leading to a high blood heart and back to the heart. There is
pressure. The wall structure is thick and a high blood pressure. The walls of the
arteries contain muscles and elastic capillaries are only once cells thick so
fibres to keep up with the pressure. ThereCO2 and O2 can diffuse easily. The
are no valves present in arteries and the walls mean there’s only a thin vessel
blood is usually oxygenated. and a narrow lumen. There are no
valves and the blood in the capillaries
VEINS move blood away from organs in the is deoxygenated.
body and moves blood towards the heart.
This means the blood pressure in the veins BLOOD VESSELS:
is low (meaning there are thin walls). The Arteries - Thick layers of muscles and
wall thickness leads to a large lumen and elastic fibres. High blood pressure.
veins often have valves to keep the blood Capillaries - Permeable walls. High
flowing in the right direction and prevent blood pressure.
back flow. The blood is usually Veins - Contains valves to prevent a
deoxygenated in the veins. backflow of blood. Low blood pressure.
, ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Alkenes and their Properties.
Crude Oil is a fossil fuel formed mostly from dead sea creatures (eg: Plankton). It
is the source of many fuels and other chemicals such as plastic.
Crude Oil is also a mixture of hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons and compounds made
up of only Hydrogen and Carbon atoms).
Most of the hydrocarbons in crude oil are of a group called “Alkenes”.
Alkanes are made up of a chain of carbon atoms, with as many hydrogen atoms
bonded to it as possible.
General formula : CnH2n+2
Take the number of C atoms, x2 and +2
and you get the number of H atoms.
The properties of Alkanes change with
the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule.
When hydrocarbons / Alkanes are burned in a plentiful supply of Oxygen also
called “complete combustion”, the carbon oxidises into Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and
the hydrogen oxidises into water (H2O).
If there isn’t enough oxygen, incomplete combustion takes place and carbon
monoxide / carbon soot is made.
