Foundations Chapter 5 Exam Questions With Verified Solutions.

Foundations Chapter 5 Exam Questions With Verified Solutions. Average of the two observations at the center of the ordered observations - answerIn a data set with an even number of observations, the median is the: Mode - answerWhat item tells us the most frequently occurring value in a distribution? Bar graph - answerWhat is used to display the frequencies or proportions of observations in a categorical scale data set? Continuous - answerIn the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure reported. What is the data scale for the primary outcome measure? Abstract BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalT: NCT) SETTING: A large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease and diabetes. INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (40 g/d) or low-fat (30% of daily energy intake from total fat [7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial. MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and dietary composition were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, with mean difference in change in weight being the primary outcome of interest. RESULTS: Sixty participants (82%) in the low-fat group and 59 (79%) in the low-carbohydrate group completed the intervention. At 12 months, participants on the low-carbohydrate diet had greater decreases in weight (mean difference in change, -3.5 kg [95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4 kg]; P = 0.002), fat mass (mean difference in change, -1.5% [CI, -2.6% to -0.4%]; P = 0.011), ratio of total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mean difference in change, -0.44 [CI, -0.71 to - 0.16]; P = 0.002), and triglyceride level (mean difference in change, -0.16 mmol/L [-14.1 mg/dL] [CI, -0.31 to -0.01 mmol/L {-27.4 to -0.8 mg/dL}]; P = 0.038) and greater increases in HDL cholesterol level (mean difference in change, 0.18 mmol/L [7.0 mg/dL] [CI, 0.08 to 0.28 mmol/L {3.0 to 11.0 mg/dL}]; P 0.00 Ratio - answerUse the following abstract to answer the question below. Abstract BACKGROUND: We previously reported that a randomized controlled trial of antenatal micronutrient supplements in rural Nepal decreased the risk of low birth weight by ~15%. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effects of micronutrient supplementation on growth and body composition in children of supplemented mothers through school age. DESIGN: Mothers received 1 of 5 micronutrient supplements daily: folic acid, folic acid + iron, folic acid + iron + zinc, multiple micronutrients, or a control. All of the supplements contained vitamin A. Children born during this trial were revisited at age 6-8 y to measure height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses. Arm fat and muscle area were estimated by using standard formulas, and height-for- age, weight-for-age, and body mass index-for-age z scores were calculated by using the World Health Organization growth standard. RESULTS: Of the 3771 surviving children, 3324 were revisited and consented to anthropometric measurements. Maternal supplementation with folic acid + iron + zinc resulted in an increase in mean height (0.64 cm; 95% CI: 0.04, 1.25) and a reduction in mean triceps skinfold thickness (- 0.25 mm; 95% CI: -0.44, -0.06), subscapular skinfold thickness (-0.20 mm; 95% CI: -0.33, - 0.06), and arm fat area (-0.18 cm2; 20.34, -0.01). No significant differences were found between groups in mean weight or body mass index-for-age z scores, waist circumference, or arm muscle area. Other micronutrient combinations including a multiple micronutrient formulation failed to show a growth benefit. CONCLUSION: Antenatal supplementation with zinc may benefit child growth, particularly in areas where a deficiency of this nutrient is common. What is Quantitative - answerIn the following abstract, identify the primary outcome measure reported. What is the data type for the primary outcome measure? Abstract BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalT: NCT) SETTING: A large academic medical center.