ATI anemias Study Guide questions and solutions

Anemia - An abnormally low amount of circulating RBCs. Hgb concentration, or both. It is an idicator of an underlying disease or disorder. Anemia results - Dminished oxygen carrying capacity and delivery to tissues and organs. The goal of treatment is to restore and maintain adequate tissue oxygenation. Anemias are due to - blood loss inadequate RBC production increased RBC destruction deficiency of necessary components, ie, folic acid, iron, erythropoietin, and /or vitamin B12. Iron deficiency anemia - most common cause of anemia in small children, adolescents and pregnant women. Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss - most common cause of anemia in women who are postmenopausal, as well as men. Women who are menstruating can develop anemia secondary to menorrhagia. Health promotion - *women who are pregnant or menstruating should ensure that their diet contains adequate amounts of iron-rich foods, or take an iron-supplement. *Individuals who are iron-deficient, but have elevated cholesterol levels, should integrate iron0rich foods that are not red or organ meats into their diet. *Clients should regularly consume food sources high in folate (spinach, lentils, bananas) and folic acid fortified grains and juices. Assessment-risk factors - acute or chronic blood loss increased hemolysis inadequate dietary intake or malabsorption bone marrow suppression Acute or chronic blood loss - Trauma Menorrhagia GI bleeds Intra or postsurgical blood loss or hemorrhage chemical or radiation exposure Increased hemolysis - Defective Hgb (sickle cell disease)- RBCs become malformed during periods of hypoxia and obstruct capillaries in joints and organs. Impaired glycolysis- glucose-6-phospahte-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency anemia. Immune disorder or destruction (transfusion reactions, autoimmmune disease). Mechanical trauma to RBCs (mechanical heart valve, cardiopulmonary bypass)