BIO 100 Holechek (ASU) Exam 4 Review Questions with Verified Answers

BIO 100 Holechek (ASU) Exam 4 Review Questions with Verified Answers **When a fungus and an algae grow together, they form a lichen. When scientists separate them and try to grow each one individually in the same environment, both die. What hypothesis best explains this phenomenon?** The mutualistic relationship between the fungus and algae is essential for their survival. Each organism relies on the other for certain benefits, so when separated, they cannot survive on their own. **Polar Bears, which live on Arctic ice, are extremely large and hunt seals to endure the harsh winters. What hypothesis best explains the size of Polar Bears?** The large size of Polar Bears is due to their substantial fat and fur, which provide insulation in the extreme cold. Their greater volume-to-surface area ratio helps minimize heat loss. **A rise of five degrees in ocean temperature off the coast of Washington led to sea stars ceasing to feed on clams in the intertidal zone. Consequently, clams became dominant, and invertebrate diversity was halved. Why did this occur?** Sea Stars function as a Keystone Species. Their absence disrupts the ecosystem balance, allowing clams to proliferate and outcompete other invertebrates. **What would happen if the Earth's axis of rotation were perpendicular to the sun's rays instead of tilted at 23.5°?** There would be no seasonal variations. **In Borneo's tropical rainforest, six closely-related species of insectivorous birds live in the same area. Insects are a limiting resource for their population. Researchers found that the birds' bill sizes determine the size and type of insects they eat. How could these six bird species reduce competition for insects?** Different bill sizes allow each bird species to specialize in eating different types of insects, thereby reducing competition for food. **Pioneer plant species colonize cleared areas and germinate. However, the shade they produce prevents their own seeds from germinating, favoring more shade-tolerant species. How do pioneer species ensure their seeds germinate if the parent plants alter the habitat?** Pioneer species' seeds are dispersed to new cleared areas by wind or other mechanisms, allowing them to germinate in suitable conditions. **In Amazonian Peru, seven species of butterflies and moths share a similar color pattern of yellow, orange, and black stripes. They coexist, are similar in size, and have the same flight pattern. Local birds feed on flying insects. What hypothesis best explains the similarity in appearance of these butterflies and moths?** This is an example of mimicry. Non-poisonous species mimic the appearance of poisonous ones, such as monarch butterflies, to deter predators like birds. You have been recruited for a new reality game show on FOX network TV. On Christmas Day, the producers blindfold you, put you on a jet airliner and then a helicopter and fly for many hours (whether in a straight line or in circles is not obvious). A day later you are dropped off and told to figure out where you are and that your goal is to make it back to Arizona. You immediately use the extensive information learned in BIO 100 to orient yourself. You notice that the day length is 20 hours, with only 4 hours of night and that there are very few trees in the area. Where do you think you are? Argentina Why do markets for Black Pepper, Tea, and sun-grown Coffee affect tropical rain forest differently than Vanilla, Brazil Nuts and Mexican Chocolate? Black Pepper, Tea, and Coffee destroy the rain forest when cultivated. Vanilla, Brazil nuts, and Mexican chocolate keep it intact when they are cultivated. As a UN consultant in Bolivia, they want you to document the impact of pollution on natural habitats throughout the country within a year. Because you have so little money and time, you choose species to represent the impact of the pollution within each habitat-bioindicators. On what basis might you select the best bioindicators? Select a species that is aware of when the environment changes, will leave if an environment isn't fit/changes, is high up on food chain level, and is sensitive to change. Mutualism: When two species benefit from an interaction. Ex: Bees & Flowers Commensalism When 1 species benefits and the other is unaffected by the interaction. Ex: Birds that stand on the backs of cattle and wait for the cattle to kick up dirt, which will make bugs fly around that the birds eat