BIO 100 Lab Test 1 Questions and Answers Already Passed

BIO 100 Lab Test 1 Questions and Answers Already Passed 1. What constitutes the fundamental unit of life? Cells 2. To which kingdom do single-celled organisms with significant internal complexity belong? Protista 3. What sets prokaryotes and eukaryotes apart? Prokaryotes lack a nucleus (free DNA), whereas eukaryotes possess a nucleus. 4. Outline the four stages of the scientific method. Observation → Hypothesis formulation → Experimentation → Interpretation of results 5. Formulate a hypothesis to assess the beneficial effects of a nutritional substance. If a substance provides higher caloric intake, it will result in increased energy output. 6. Define dependent and independent variables. Dependent variable: The outcome influenced by the controlled variable. Independent variable: The variable manipulated or controlled, which is the focus of the study. 7. List three criteria for evaluating the reliability of a scientific study. Logical consistency, observational accuracy, empirical evidence 8. List the four primary categories of macromolecules and their basic building blocks. Proteins: Composed of amino acids (enzymes, muscles, hair) (monomers → polymers) Carbohydrates: Consist of glucose molecules (sugar, starch, cellulose) Lipids: Made up of fatty acids (fats, oils, cell membranes) Nucleic acids: Comprise nucleotides (RNA, DNA) 9. What is the principal function of carbohydrates? Carbohydrates primarily serve as energy storage (e.g., starch, glycogen) and contribute to structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). 10. Name three cellular organelles. Mitochondria, cell membrane, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, cell wall, chloroplasts, ribosomes, cytoplasm 11. Analyze the composition of an "unknown" substance based on reactions with specified reagents: - Iodine (reagent) produces a light orangish-brown color (reaction yes/no?) Yes - Biuret (reagent) remains clear blue (reaction yes/no?) No - Benedict's (reagent) turns orange and cloudy (reaction yes/no?) Yes 12. List the five kingdoms of life. Monera (Bacteria Domain - Prokaryotes), Protista (Eukarya - single-celled organisms with a nucleus), Fungi (Eukarya - typically non-mobile, absorb nutrients), Plantae (Eukarya - photosynthetic organisms with chlorophyll), Animalia (Eukarya - complex, multicellular organisms with nervous systems) 13. How does exposure to boiling temperatures affect enzymatic reaction rates? High heat denatures enzymes, altering their shape and structure, thereby preventing substrates from properly binding and rendering the enzyme inactive. How many calories in an ounce of butter (assuming 30 grams/oz)? 200 calories per ounce What two things could you measure to determine the rate of an enzymatic reaction? the rate of the appearance and disappearance of the reaction? What effect does the addition of antacid have on the pH of vinegar? makes it more basic (lessens the acidity) How does an acid pH affect the reaction rate of amylase? It denatures the amylase enzyme, making it unable to function Is amylase a protein? yes, it is an enzyme which is