MCB 2010 Exam 1
Microbiology - ANS-study of organisms (living things) too small to be seen with the
naked eye...includes bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, algae.
*mostly unicellular (one cell)
Antony van Leeuwenhoek - ANS-refined the microscope in the mid-1600s
*the first in 1674 to directly observe microbes
began as a science
Robert Hooke - ANS-described cells when observing plant tissue under the microscope
in 1655...(onion tissue)
Edward Jenner - ANS-*English physician in 1798
*1st to document vaccinations
*showed that exposure to milder form of disease was able to produce immunity
(protection from disease)
*worked with small pox, which was first infectious disease eradicated from the world
(1977)
Reasons why smallpox was eradicated - ANS-1) it is a disease only of humans...no
other reservoirs (affected animals
2) easily diagnosed because of the skin rash
3) requires only one dose of the vaccine
4) the duration of the disease is limited
5) if the patient recovers from the disease or is vaccinated, there is lifelong protection
Ignag Summelweis - ANS-Hungarian physician who introduced sterile techniques for
physicians
Joseph Lister (1867) - ANS-first to dilute phenol in wound dressings & as an aerosol
during surgery to prevent infections
Spontaneous generation - ANS-some living things can come from dead things
(Aristotle)
life can come from non-living material was proved false by microbiologists:
1. Francisco Reed (1650) - determined if meat could produce maggots. CONCLUSION:
meat does not spontaneously produce maggots. Maggots come from eggs laid by fleas
, 2. Spallanzani (1776) - determined if broth could produce microbes. CONCLUSION:
heating destroyed microbes. if you prevent them from entering the flask from the air,
then no growth
3. Louis Pasteur - determined if microbes are in the air & can contaminate food.
CONCLUSION: microbes are commonly found in the air. No spontaneous generation
John Tyndall (1877) - ANS-got a box & after the dust settles (no light beam was seen),
put sterile broth in the box....as long as the air is not disturbed, the broth remains sterile
even though open to the air
CONCLUSION: microbes are found on dust particles in air
Florence Nightingale (mid to late 1800s) - ANS-developed techniques that lowered the
risks of infections and dying from them during the Crimean war and later in hospitals
Aseptic techniques - ANS-we have developed them
*methods that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes
Do microbes cause disease? - ANS-not proven until Robert Koch, a German physician,
studied the disease "Anthrax" in sheep & cattle
*he proved the Germ theory of disease
*his process to link a microbe with it causing a disease is called Koch's Postulates
(1884)
Germ Theory of Disease - ANS-microbes cause infectious disease
Koch's Postulates (1884) - ANS-link a microbe with it causing a disease
1) the same microbe must be present in all those with the disease & absent in healthy
people
2) microbe must be isolated & grown in the lab (pure culture)
3) disease must be produced in animals inoculated (treated) with the pure culture
4) the same microbe must then be isolated from the diseased animal
Importance of microbes - ANS-1. recycle natural resources (CO2, N2, O2)
2. produce foods (cheese, yogurt, beverages)
3. fertilize the soil
4. Breakdown dead or decaying materials
PROTISTS - ANS-mostly one-celled organisms
includes: algae & protozoa
Microbiology - ANS-study of organisms (living things) too small to be seen with the
naked eye...includes bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, algae.
*mostly unicellular (one cell)
Antony van Leeuwenhoek - ANS-refined the microscope in the mid-1600s
*the first in 1674 to directly observe microbes
began as a science
Robert Hooke - ANS-described cells when observing plant tissue under the microscope
in 1655...(onion tissue)
Edward Jenner - ANS-*English physician in 1798
*1st to document vaccinations
*showed that exposure to milder form of disease was able to produce immunity
(protection from disease)
*worked with small pox, which was first infectious disease eradicated from the world
(1977)
Reasons why smallpox was eradicated - ANS-1) it is a disease only of humans...no
other reservoirs (affected animals
2) easily diagnosed because of the skin rash
3) requires only one dose of the vaccine
4) the duration of the disease is limited
5) if the patient recovers from the disease or is vaccinated, there is lifelong protection
Ignag Summelweis - ANS-Hungarian physician who introduced sterile techniques for
physicians
Joseph Lister (1867) - ANS-first to dilute phenol in wound dressings & as an aerosol
during surgery to prevent infections
Spontaneous generation - ANS-some living things can come from dead things
(Aristotle)
life can come from non-living material was proved false by microbiologists:
1. Francisco Reed (1650) - determined if meat could produce maggots. CONCLUSION:
meat does not spontaneously produce maggots. Maggots come from eggs laid by fleas
, 2. Spallanzani (1776) - determined if broth could produce microbes. CONCLUSION:
heating destroyed microbes. if you prevent them from entering the flask from the air,
then no growth
3. Louis Pasteur - determined if microbes are in the air & can contaminate food.
CONCLUSION: microbes are commonly found in the air. No spontaneous generation
John Tyndall (1877) - ANS-got a box & after the dust settles (no light beam was seen),
put sterile broth in the box....as long as the air is not disturbed, the broth remains sterile
even though open to the air
CONCLUSION: microbes are found on dust particles in air
Florence Nightingale (mid to late 1800s) - ANS-developed techniques that lowered the
risks of infections and dying from them during the Crimean war and later in hospitals
Aseptic techniques - ANS-we have developed them
*methods that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes
Do microbes cause disease? - ANS-not proven until Robert Koch, a German physician,
studied the disease "Anthrax" in sheep & cattle
*he proved the Germ theory of disease
*his process to link a microbe with it causing a disease is called Koch's Postulates
(1884)
Germ Theory of Disease - ANS-microbes cause infectious disease
Koch's Postulates (1884) - ANS-link a microbe with it causing a disease
1) the same microbe must be present in all those with the disease & absent in healthy
people
2) microbe must be isolated & grown in the lab (pure culture)
3) disease must be produced in animals inoculated (treated) with the pure culture
4) the same microbe must then be isolated from the diseased animal
Importance of microbes - ANS-1. recycle natural resources (CO2, N2, O2)
2. produce foods (cheese, yogurt, beverages)
3. fertilize the soil
4. Breakdown dead or decaying materials
PROTISTS - ANS-mostly one-celled organisms
includes: algae & protozoa
