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UNICUS
HALOALKANES & HALOARENES
1. Swarts Rxn 2CH3CH2Cl + Hg2F2 2CH3CH2F + Hg2Cl2
Mercurous
fluoride
2. Groove’s process R – OH + HCl → R – Cl + H2O
Mixture of conc. HCl and anhy. ZnCl2 is called Lucas Reagent which leads to
the formation of alkyl halide.
3. Markovnikov’s Rule During addition of halogen acid to unsymmetrical
alkene, the –ive part of attacking reagent goes to that double bonded carbon
atom which carry lesser no. of hydrogen atoms.
CH3 – CH = CH2 + → CH3 – CH – CH3
attacking |
reagent Cl
4. Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule Opposite to Markovnikov’s Rule and in this
addition of only HBr occurs in the presence of Benzoyl peroxide.
CH3 – CH = CH2 + HBr → CH3 – CH2 – CH2 Br
5. Finkelstein Reaction R – X + NaI → Heat R – I + NaX
6. Borodine Hundsdiecker Rxn or Hundsdieckar Rxn
RCOOAg + Br2 → CCl R – Br + CO2 + AgBr
4
Silver salt of
fatty acids
7. Birnbaum – Simmoni Rxn 2RCOOAg + I2 → RCOOR + CO2 + AgI
Ester
8. Frankland Rxn C2H5 – Br + Zn → C2H5 – ZnBr
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9. Sandmayer’s Rxn
N2Cl Cl
→ + N2
Benzene chlorobenzene
diazonium
Chloride
10. Gattermann Rxn
N2Cl Cl
⁄
→ + N2
11. Balz-Schiemann Rxn
N2Cl N2BF4 F
+ HBF4 → → + N2 + BF3
12. Raschig Process
2C6H6 + 2HCl + O2 → 2C6H5Cl + 2H2O
13. Ullmann Rxn
I + 2cu + I → + Cu2I2
Iodobenzene Biphenyl
14. Wurtz Rxn
R – X + 2Na + X - R → R – R + 2NaX
alkyl alkane
halide
15. Fittig Rxn
X + 2Na + X → ether + 2 NaX
aryl Biphenyl
halide
16. Wurtz Fittig Rxn
R – X + 2Na +X → ether R + 2NaX
alkyl aryl Toluene
halide halide [if R = CH3]
Address:- Near Reliance Fresh, Haibowal Kalan, Ludhiana Contact:- 95921-83430, 9988-345-365
UNICUS
HALOALKANES & HALOARENES
1. Swarts Rxn 2CH3CH2Cl + Hg2F2 2CH3CH2F + Hg2Cl2
Mercurous
fluoride
2. Groove’s process R – OH + HCl → R – Cl + H2O
Mixture of conc. HCl and anhy. ZnCl2 is called Lucas Reagent which leads to
the formation of alkyl halide.
3. Markovnikov’s Rule During addition of halogen acid to unsymmetrical
alkene, the –ive part of attacking reagent goes to that double bonded carbon
atom which carry lesser no. of hydrogen atoms.
CH3 – CH = CH2 + → CH3 – CH – CH3
attacking |
reagent Cl
4. Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule Opposite to Markovnikov’s Rule and in this
addition of only HBr occurs in the presence of Benzoyl peroxide.
CH3 – CH = CH2 + HBr → CH3 – CH2 – CH2 Br
5. Finkelstein Reaction R – X + NaI → Heat R – I + NaX
6. Borodine Hundsdiecker Rxn or Hundsdieckar Rxn
RCOOAg + Br2 → CCl R – Br + CO2 + AgBr
4
Silver salt of
fatty acids
7. Birnbaum – Simmoni Rxn 2RCOOAg + I2 → RCOOR + CO2 + AgI
Ester
8. Frankland Rxn C2H5 – Br + Zn → C2H5 – ZnBr
Address:- Near Reliance Fresh, Haibowal Kalan, Ludhiana Contact:- 95921-83430, 9988-345-365
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9. Sandmayer’s Rxn
N2Cl Cl
→ + N2
Benzene chlorobenzene
diazonium
Chloride
10. Gattermann Rxn
N2Cl Cl
⁄
→ + N2
11. Balz-Schiemann Rxn
N2Cl N2BF4 F
+ HBF4 → → + N2 + BF3
12. Raschig Process
2C6H6 + 2HCl + O2 → 2C6H5Cl + 2H2O
13. Ullmann Rxn
I + 2cu + I → + Cu2I2
Iodobenzene Biphenyl
14. Wurtz Rxn
R – X + 2Na + X - R → R – R + 2NaX
alkyl alkane
halide
15. Fittig Rxn
X + 2Na + X → ether + 2 NaX
aryl Biphenyl
halide
16. Wurtz Fittig Rxn
R – X + 2Na +X → ether R + 2NaX
alkyl aryl Toluene
halide halide [if R = CH3]
Address:- Near Reliance Fresh, Haibowal Kalan, Ludhiana Contact:- 95921-83430, 9988-345-365
