APHY 102 Midterm-ivytech
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ANS-Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It
has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions - ANS-A
control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone
secretion
What is paracrine? - ANS-A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the
same tissue.
What is autocrine? - ANS-Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to
remind yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland - ANS-glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or
blood
What is the exocrine gland? - ANS-Glands that secrete products into ducts that open
onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - ANS-Pituitary
Gland-In the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - ANS-Sex hormones and
adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter
cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind
to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and
directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific
effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - ANS-Amines, proteins,
peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which
, body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on
membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are
activated in cell's membrane. Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic
AMP activates protein kinases. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell
that change metabolic processes. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland - ANS-The
anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for
the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the
posterior pituitary remains connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory
for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion - ANS-Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones? - ANS-hormones that have other endocrine glands as their
targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are
their target organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body? -
ANS-Anterior Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-
control growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in
females and stimulate production of sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone
(GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)-
promotes secretion of sex hormones in both genders and allows release of egg cells
from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk production, thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete,
oxytocin (OT)- smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during
childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive
tract during sexual activity in males.
Thyroid hormones:
calcitonin- controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration, thryoxine (T4)-
more prevalent in circulation, triiodothyronine (T3)- more potent than T4.
Parathyroid hormones:
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ANS-Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It
has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions - ANS-A
control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone
secretion
What is paracrine? - ANS-A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the
same tissue.
What is autocrine? - ANS-Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to
remind yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland - ANS-glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or
blood
What is the exocrine gland? - ANS-Glands that secrete products into ducts that open
onto surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - ANS-Pituitary
Gland-In the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - ANS-Sex hormones and
adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter
cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind
to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and
directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific
effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - ANS-Amines, proteins,
peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which
, body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on
membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are
activated in cell's membrane. Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic
AMP activates protein kinases. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell
that change metabolic processes. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland - ANS-The
anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for
the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the
posterior pituitary remains connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory
for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion - ANS-Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones? - ANS-hormones that have other endocrine glands as their
targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are
their target organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body? -
ANS-Anterior Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-
control growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in
females and stimulate production of sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone
(GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)-
promotes secretion of sex hormones in both genders and allows release of egg cells
from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk production, thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete,
oxytocin (OT)- smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during
childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive
tract during sexual activity in males.
Thyroid hormones:
calcitonin- controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration, thryoxine (T4)-
more prevalent in circulation, triiodothyronine (T3)- more potent than T4.
Parathyroid hormones:
