Nutrition 331_ Exam Final Questions and Answers 100% A+ Graded Excel_ Genes - CORRECT ANS-units of a cell's inheritance, made of the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Each gene directs the making of one or more proteins, which perform important tas

Nutrition 331_ Exam Final Questions and Answers 100% A+ Graded Excel_ Genes - CORRECT ANS-units of a cell's inheritance, made of the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Each gene directs the making of one or more proteins, which perform important tasks in the body. food - CORRECT ANS-medically, any substance that the body can take in and assimilate that will enable it to stay alive and to grow; the carrier of nourishment; socially, a more limited number of such substances defined as acceptable by each culture Nutrition - CORRECT ANS-The study of the nutrients and other biologically active compounds in foods and in the body; sometimes also the study of human behaviours related to food. essential nutrients - CORRECT ANS-Nutrients that must be provided directly by foods. diet - CORRECT ANS-the foods and beverages a person eats and drinks Nutrients - CORRECT ANS-components of food that are indispensable to the body's functioning. They provide energy, serve as building material, help maintain or repair body parts, and support growth. The nutrients include water, carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Malnutrition - CORRECT ANS-any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by an imbalance of nutrients. Nutrient or energy deficiencies are classed as forms of undernutrition; nutrient or energy excesses are classed as forms of overnutrition. Chronic Diseases - CORRECT ANS-long-duration degenerative diseases characterized by deterioration of the body organs. Examples include heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Genome - CORRECT ANS-the full complement of genetic material in the chromosomes of a cell. The study of genomes is genomics. DNA - CORRECT ANS-an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic (dee-OX-ee-RYE-bow-nu-CLAY-ick) acid, the molecule that encodes genetic information in its structure. Genes - CORRECT ANS-units of a cell's inheritance, made of the chemical DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Each gene directs the making of one or more proteins, which perform important tasks in the body. Nutritional Genomics - CORRECT ANS-the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the activities of nutrients. Also called molecular nutrition or nutrigenomics. Energy - CORRECT ANS-the capacity to do work. The energy in food is chemical energy; it can be converted to mechanical, electrical, heat, or other forms of energy in the body. Food energy is measured in Calories, defined in the next section. Organic - CORRECT ANS-carbon containing. Four of the six classes of nutrients are organic: carbohydrate, fat, protein, and vitamins. Strictly speaking, organic compounds include only those made by living things and do not include carbon dioxide and a few carbon salts. Energy-Yielding Nutrients - CORRECT ANS-the nutrients the body can use for energy. They may also supply building blocks for body structures. Calories/kcalories - CORRECT ANS-units of energy. Strictly speaking, the unit used to measure the energy in foods is a kilocalorie (kcalorie or Calorie): it is the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogram (a litre) of water by one degree Celsius. This book follows the common practice of using the term Calorie* (abbreviated Cal/kcal) to mean the same thing. Grams - CORRECT ANS-units of mass. A gram (g) is the mass of a cubic centimetre (cc) or millilitre (mL) of water under defined conditions of temperature and pressure. About 28 grams equals an ounce. Dietary Supplements - CORRECT ANS-pills, liquids, or powders that contain purified nutrients or other ingredients elemental diets - CORRECT ANS-diets composed of purified ingredients of known chemical composition; intended to supply all essential nutrients to people who cannot eat foods. phytochemicals - CORRECT ANS-nonnutrient compounds in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body nonnutrients - CORRECT ANS-a term used in this book to mean compounds other than the six nutrients that are present in foods and have biological activity in the body. basic foods - CORRECT ANS-milk and milk products; meats and similar foods, such as fish and poultry; vegetables, including dried beans and peas; fruit; and grains. These foods are generally considered to form the basis of a nutritious diet. Also called whole foods. enriched foods and fortified foods - CORRECT ANS-foods to which nutrients have been added. If the starting material is a whole, basic food such as milk or whole grain, the result may be highly nutritious. If the starting material is a concentrated form of sugar or fat, the result may be less nutritious. fast foods - CORRECT ANS-restaurant foods that are available within minutes after customers order them—traditionally, hamburgers, French fries, and milkshakes; more recently, salads and other vegetable dishes as well. These foods may or may not meet people's nutrient needs, depending on the selections made and on the energy allowances and nutrient needs of the eaters. functional foods - CORRECT ANS-a term that reflects an attempt to define as a group the foods known to possess nutrients or nonnutrients that might lend protection against diseases. However, all nutritious foods can support health in some ways; Controversy 2 provides the details. natural foods - CORRECT ANS-a term that has no legal definition but is often used to imply wholesomeness. nutraceutical - CORRECT ANS-a term used to describe a product that has been isolated from food, often sold in pill form and believed to have medicinal effects Organic Foods - CORRECT ANS-understood to mean foods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. In chemistry, however, all foods are made mostly of organic (carbon-containing) compounds Partitioned Foods - CORRECT ANS-foods composed of parts of whole foods, such as butter (from milk), sugar (from beets or cane), or corn oil (from corn). Partitioned foods are generally overused and provide few nutrients with many Calories. Processed Foods - CORRECT ANS-foods subjected to any process, such as milling, alteration of texture, addition of additives, cooking, or others. Depending on the starting material and the process, a processed food may or may not be nutritious. Staple Foods - CORRECT ANS-foods used frequently or daily, for example, rice (in East and Southeast Asia) or potatoes (in Ireland). If well chosen, these foods are nutritious.