MCAT Diagnostic Test Biology Questions with Complete Solutions for New Updates

1. Competitive inhibitor - Ans a. Binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding b. -Adding more substrate would increase the rate of the reaction (can outcompete the inhibitor) c. -usually transition state analogs 2. Noncompetitive inhibitor - AnsSpecial case of the mixed inhibitor where it can allosterically bind to both the enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinity -increasing substrate concentrations will not be able to affect rate 3. Uncompetitive inhibitor - AnsBinds at an allosteric site but only when the enzyme is has a substrate bound to it -specific type of non-competitive inhibition 4. Hydrocarbon boiling point - AnsLength: longer the chain the higher the boiling point Branching: More branching means lower boiling point -branching decreases intermolecular forces between molecules 5. G2/M checkpoint - Ans-Ensures that DNA hasn't been damaged during the S phase -G2 occurs after S phase (DNA synthesis) but before M phase -Will either repair damaged DNA or kill cell 6. Memory B-cells - Ans-Create antibodies for antigens already seen in the body -able to fight rapidly against a pathogen body has seen before 7. Benzylmethylamine - AnsBenzene ring with a methyl group and an amine group attached to it 8. Benzylamine - AnsBenzene ring with amine group attached (it can be attached via a carbon chain) 9. Nitro - AnsNO3 10. Amide - Anscarbonyl and a N group 11. Absorbed nutrients traveling to the lymphatic vessels (lacteals) - Ans-Triglycerides are the only absorbed nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the bloodstream -packaged into chylomicrons and moved into the lymphatic vessels, then gets transported to the neck 12. Renal corpuscle - Ans-Glomerulus -Bowman's capsule 13. Renal tubule - Ans-Proximal Tubule -Loop of Henle -Distal Tubule -Collecting duct 14. Aldosterone acts on which part of the renal tubule? - AnsActs on the distal tubule to increase membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ 15. Quantitative PCR and determining if a variant was expressed in cells - Ans-amplify region that is common to other variants but is not common to the variant looking for -test for it by looking for a negative result 16. Reduced penetrance - AnsWhen individuals have the same genotype but do not express the expected phenotype 17. Penetrance - AnsPercent of individuals with a specific genotype who express the associated phenotype 18. Varient expressivity - AnsRefers to the extent that the phenotype is expressed -only applicable when penetrance is 100% 19. -All individuals show symptoms of the disease but some showed slightly different defects than the others 20. Hybridization - Anss, sp, sp2, sp3 -If a center has 4 groups off of it, it is sp3 -If oxidized (for example) then it has 3 groups off of it and that makes it sp2 21. CrO3 - AnsOxidizing agent 22. Enantiomers - Ans-Mirror images -Will have the same melting and boiling point -Have the same physical and chemical characteristics -differ in how they bend plane-polarized light but the configurations (R and S) can't tell us the direction the light will bend 23. Intermediate compound with the least activation energy - AnsThe more stable intermediate compound has the lower activation energy (it is more favored to go to this formation) -The more stable reactant will have a higher activation energy because it won't want to become unstable 24. acetone - Ans-Cabonyl -R groups are methyls -Secondary carbonyl 25. Acetone with reducing agent - AnsCreates a secondary alcohol 26. Secondly blank - AnsMeans that there are 2 carbons attached to the carbon the group is attached to 27. IR spectrum for carbonyls - Ans1700 cm-