Nursing 2050 Exam 3 Prep Test Questions and Answers 2024

When does the act of digestion begin? - The process of digestion begins with the act of chewing Which part of the brain controls swallowing? - -swallowing begins as a voluntary act that is regulated by the medulla oblongata -controlled by CNS Diseases that disrupt the brain centers or cranial nerves can predispose the patient to ___________? - Aspiration (something in the lungs) -stroke -brain injury -neurodegenerative conditions -seizures -neuromuscular -advanced dementia (swallowing problems) What is the purpose of acid in the stomach? - -secretes a highly acid fluid -ph=1 1. To break down food 2. Aid in the destruction of most ingested bacteria What is intrinsic factor? Why is B12 important? - -secreted by the gastric mucosa -combines with dietary vitamin b12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed -w/o intrinsic factor b12 can not be absorbed and (pernicious) anemia results -b12 helps produce RBC Why does GI bleed occur in critically ill patients ? (ICU) - 1. NSAIDs medication 2. Due to stress hormones -prevents stomach from mucous membrane protection -stomach lined w mucous, w/o stomach starts to corroding w ulcers -acid corrodes ulcers= GI bleeding -Pepsid helps line stomach -> no stress ulcers What are the two types of GI contractions? - -segmentation (churns) -comes in waves, moves chyme forward -intestinal peristalsis -propels toward colon What is the main function of the small intestines? - Absorption -Glucose --> carbohydrates Ex) bread, pasta, cereal, fruits (sugar) -Amino acids/ perptides --> protein -Monoglycerides and fatty acids--> Fats -Main function of nutrients in the body What is the process of absorption in the small intestines? - Jejenuem= Fats, carbs, proteins, Na, Cl Ileum= vitamin b12, bile Throughout intestine= Mg, phosphate, K -through diffusion, do not absorb all of it What is the movement like in the Large Intestines? - -moves content very slowly -slow, weak, peristaltic activity Why? --> to absorb H20 and electrolytes Primary purpose= absorb H20 -majority of our feces is 75% water -passes through easier and avoids blockage How many different intestinal bacteria are in the large intestines? - -About 300 to 500 different intestinal bacteria -immune system -vitamins + fatty acids -helps protect body from harmful pathogens What happens with intestinal bacteria when abx. are introduced? - -wipe out bacteria completely -C. diff overtakes -diarrhea, may need rectal tube -Not absorbing water, colon not working -electrolyte imbalance -dehydration -losing more H2O than electrolytes -water depletion What are some nursing considerations involving C. diff? - -electrolyte abnormalities -fluid deficit -possibly dehydration -rectal bleeding, skin irritation and breakdown -Nurse usually there every hour wiping + putting on cream -isolation precautions= Contact Waste Products - -undigested food, water, inorganic materials, bacteria