1. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
2. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Achalasia involves failure of the lower
esophageal sphincter to relax and loss of motility.
,3. What mechanism is primarily responsible for the
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Overproduction of acetylcholine
B. Demyelination of motor neurons
C. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in
the substantia nigra
D. Inflammation of basal ganglia
Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra
leads to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia and
tremors.
4. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
,5. Which condition is associated with a deficiency in
factor VIII?
A. Hemophilia A
B. Hemophilia B
C. von Willebrand disease
D. Thrombocytopenia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hemophilia A results from a deficiency in
clotting factor VIII.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly
associated with Addison’s disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Addison’s disease causes adrenal
insufficiency, resulting in decreased aldosterone and
, sodium retention, leading to potassium retention
(hyperkalemia).
7. In hyperaldosteronism, what electrolyte imbalance
is expected?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion, leading to hypokalemia.
8. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of gout?
A. Increased calcium deposition in joints
B. Autoimmune destruction of synovial membrane
C. Accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in
joints
D. Bacterial infection of the joint capsule
Answer: C
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
2. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Achalasia involves failure of the lower
esophageal sphincter to relax and loss of motility.
,3. What mechanism is primarily responsible for the
symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
A. Overproduction of acetylcholine
B. Demyelination of motor neurons
C. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in
the substantia nigra
D. Inflammation of basal ganglia
Answer: C
Rationale: Loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra
leads to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia and
tremors.
4. A patient with polyuria, polydipsia, and a fasting
glucose of 130 mg/dL likely has:
A. Diabetes insipidus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. SIADH
D. Hypoglycemia
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated fasting glucose and symptoms
are consistent with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
,5. Which condition is associated with a deficiency in
factor VIII?
A. Hemophilia A
B. Hemophilia B
C. von Willebrand disease
D. Thrombocytopenia
Answer: A
Rationale: Hemophilia A results from a deficiency in
clotting factor VIII.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly
associated with Addison’s disease?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: A
Rationale: Addison’s disease causes adrenal
insufficiency, resulting in decreased aldosterone and
, sodium retention, leading to potassium retention
(hyperkalemia).
7. In hyperaldosteronism, what electrolyte imbalance
is expected?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion, leading to hypokalemia.
8. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of gout?
A. Increased calcium deposition in joints
B. Autoimmune destruction of synovial membrane
C. Accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in
joints
D. Bacterial infection of the joint capsule
Answer: C
