1. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Dopamine deficiency
B. Amyloid plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary
tangles
C. Increased GABA activity
D. Reduced serotonin levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by
abnormal protein aggregates and neuron loss in the
brain.
2. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of asthma?
A. Loss of alveolar elasticity
B. Destruction of lung parenchyma
C. Chronic inflammation leading to
bronchoconstriction
D. Impaired surfactant production
,Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma involves chronic inflammation of
the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness and
bronchoconstriction in response to various triggers.
3. Which type of shock is characterized by high
cardiac output and low systemic vascular
resistance?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: D
Rationale: Septic shock presents with high CO
initially and peripheral vasodilation due to
inflammation.
4. What is the initial pathophysiological event in
septic shock?
A. Loss of sympathetic tone
B. Decreased cardiac contractility
,C. Systemic vasodilation due to inflammatory
mediators
D. Decreased blood volume
Answer: C
Rationale: Inflammatory cytokines cause widespread
vasodilation, leading to hypotension and poor
perfusion.
5. Which of the following conditions results from a
mutation in the dystrophin gene?
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Guillain-Barré syndrome
Answer: B
Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused
by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to
progressive muscle weakness.
6. What is the hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma?
A. Bence Jones proteins
, B. Philadelphia chromosome
C. Reed-Sternberg cells
D. Myeloblast proliferation
Answer: C
Rationale: Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal
lymphocytes seen in Hodgkin lymphoma.
7. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
8. Which of the following conditions is most likely to
cause a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased temperature
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Dopamine deficiency
B. Amyloid plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary
tangles
C. Increased GABA activity
D. Reduced serotonin levels
Answer: B
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by
abnormal protein aggregates and neuron loss in the
brain.
2. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of asthma?
A. Loss of alveolar elasticity
B. Destruction of lung parenchyma
C. Chronic inflammation leading to
bronchoconstriction
D. Impaired surfactant production
,Answer: C
Rationale: Asthma involves chronic inflammation of
the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness and
bronchoconstriction in response to various triggers.
3. Which type of shock is characterized by high
cardiac output and low systemic vascular
resistance?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Neurogenic
D. Septic
Answer: D
Rationale: Septic shock presents with high CO
initially and peripheral vasodilation due to
inflammation.
4. What is the initial pathophysiological event in
septic shock?
A. Loss of sympathetic tone
B. Decreased cardiac contractility
,C. Systemic vasodilation due to inflammatory
mediators
D. Decreased blood volume
Answer: C
Rationale: Inflammatory cytokines cause widespread
vasodilation, leading to hypotension and poor
perfusion.
5. Which of the following conditions results from a
mutation in the dystrophin gene?
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Guillain-Barré syndrome
Answer: B
Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused
by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to
progressive muscle weakness.
6. What is the hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma?
A. Bence Jones proteins
, B. Philadelphia chromosome
C. Reed-Sternberg cells
D. Myeloblast proliferation
Answer: C
Rationale: Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal
lymphocytes seen in Hodgkin lymphoma.
7. A patient with cirrhosis develops ascites due to:
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C. Increased glomerular filtration
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Answer: B
Rationale: Cirrhosis leads to portal hypertension and
decreased oncotic pressure from low albumin,
causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
8. Which of the following conditions is most likely to
cause a left shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin
dissociation curve?
A. Increased temperature
