1. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Achalasia involves failure of the lower
esophageal sphincter to relax and loss of motility.
2. Which of the following is most associated with
aortic dissection?
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Anemia
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: B
Rationale: Marfan syndrome weakens connective
tissue, predisposing to aortic dissection.
,3. Which of the following conditions results from a
mutation in the dystrophin gene?
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Guillain-Barré syndrome
Answer: B
Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused
by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to
progressive muscle weakness.
4. In anemia of chronic disease, which iron study
abnormality is most common?
A. Elevated serum iron
B. Increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
C. Low ferritin
D. Low serum iron and low TIBC
Answer: D
Rationale: Anemia of chronic disease typically
presents with low serum iron and low TIBC, with
normal or elevated ferritin.
,5. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
6. Which lab finding is most consistent with DIC
(Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?
A. Elevated platelets
B. Normal INR
C. Elevated D-dimer
D. Increased fibrinogen
Answer: C
Rationale: DIC involves widespread clotting and
fibrinolysis, which leads to elevated D-dimer levels.
, 7. In hyperaldosteronism, what electrolyte imbalance
is expected?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion, leading to hypokalemia.
8. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
A. Low calcium
B. High phosphate
C. Low PTH
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: D
Rationale: PTH increases calcium levels by
stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Achalasia involves failure of the lower
esophageal sphincter to relax and loss of motility.
2. Which of the following is most associated with
aortic dissection?
A. Hyperlipidemia
B. Marfan syndrome
C. Anemia
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: B
Rationale: Marfan syndrome weakens connective
tissue, predisposing to aortic dissection.
,3. Which of the following conditions results from a
mutation in the dystrophin gene?
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Guillain-Barré syndrome
Answer: B
Rationale: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused
by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to
progressive muscle weakness.
4. In anemia of chronic disease, which iron study
abnormality is most common?
A. Elevated serum iron
B. Increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
C. Low ferritin
D. Low serum iron and low TIBC
Answer: D
Rationale: Anemia of chronic disease typically
presents with low serum iron and low TIBC, with
normal or elevated ferritin.
,5. What is the most common initial manifestation of
multiple sclerosis (MS)?
A. Seizures
B. Tremors
C. Visual disturbances
D. Cognitive decline
Answer: C
Rationale: Optic neuritis and visual changes are
common early signs of MS due to demyelination of
optic pathways.
6. Which lab finding is most consistent with DIC
(Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?
A. Elevated platelets
B. Normal INR
C. Elevated D-dimer
D. Increased fibrinogen
Answer: C
Rationale: DIC involves widespread clotting and
fibrinolysis, which leads to elevated D-dimer levels.
, 7. In hyperaldosteronism, what electrolyte imbalance
is expected?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: C
Rationale: Aldosterone causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion, leading to hypokalemia.
8. Hyperparathyroidism causes which of the
following lab abnormalities?
A. Low calcium
B. High phosphate
C. Low PTH
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: D
Rationale: PTH increases calcium levels by
stimulating bone resorption and kidney reabsorption.
