BIOS 251 Exam 2 Questions and Answers |Latest
2023/2024 - Chamberlain
Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of
chromosomes Mitosis
The resting phase of mitosis. Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for
division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases Interphase
Cells that have left the cycle and cease dividing for a long time (or permanently) G Zero (G0)
Phase
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before
DNA synthesis begins. G1 Phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
S Phase
The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after
DNA synthesis occurs.
Growth and preparation for mitosis G2 Phase
First and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the
centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus Prophase
Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Metaphase
The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward
opposite poles Anaphase
The final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or
chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. Telophase
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division Cytokinesis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells (gametes) in sexually reproducing organisms
Meiosis
Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis produces two diploid (2n) somatic cells that
are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, whereas meiosis produces four
haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique from each other and the original parent (germ)
cell.
Number of Chromosomes in Humans... 46
Haploid Number of Chromosomes In Humans 23
Control center of the cell; a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction Nucleus
Processes and transports proteins made at attached ribosomes; synthesizes phospholipids Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Fatty acid and steroid synthesis; detoxifies toxic substances Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(SER)
A cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell Golgi
Complex
Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
Lysosomes
, Produce hydrogen peroxide, detoxifies harmful substances, oxidizes fatty acids, and protects cell
from free radicals Peroxisomes
- Hollow, cylindrical organelle that disposes of unnecessary and damaged proteins
- Contain enzymes that break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids
Proteasomes
- Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division
- Form mitotic spindle during mitosis Centrioles
A structure in cells containing two centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop and
organized Centrosome
Point of growth for cilium or flagellum Basal Body
Cell component responsible for energy production; powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis Ribosomes
Network of protein filaments that aid in intracellular support, cell movement, and moves
organelles. Cytoskeleton
The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.Cells
Composed of plasma (cell membrane), cytoplasm, cytosol, nucleus, and cytoskeleton Cells
Clear gel within the cell sometimes referred to as intracellular fluid (ICF) Cytosol
All the fluid and components between the nucleus and the cell membrane; includes the cytosol as
well as the cytoskeleton Cytoplasm
Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also
provides protection for cells. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing
the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside.
Contains Transmembrane proteins, Peripheral proteins, Cholesterol, and sugar (glycolipids and
glycoproteins) Phospholipid Bilayer
Integral proteins in the cell membrane, that extends all the way through the membrane touching
both the ICF and ECF Transmembrane Proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages
loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. Peripheral Protein
Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane Cholesterol
Does not use ATP as an energy source, occurs from high to low concentration.
Includes: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Passive Transport
Moves along concentration gradient, from higher to lower concentration Simple Diffusion
The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid
of carrier proteins Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of water across semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high
solute concentration Osmosis
Solutions have high ECF osmolarity, water moves out of cell, cell shrinks Hypertonicity
Solutions have same osmolarity, no net movement of water in or out of cell Isotonicity
Solutions have low ECF osmolarity, water moves into the cell causing swelling and potential
bursting Hypotonicity
What tonicity are most intravenous (IV) solutions? Isotonic Solution
2023/2024 - Chamberlain
Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of
chromosomes Mitosis
The resting phase of mitosis. Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for
division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases Interphase
Cells that have left the cycle and cease dividing for a long time (or permanently) G Zero (G0)
Phase
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before
DNA synthesis begins. G1 Phase
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
S Phase
The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after
DNA synthesis occurs.
Growth and preparation for mitosis G2 Phase
First and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the
centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus Prophase
Second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Metaphase
The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward
opposite poles Anaphase
The final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or
chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. Telophase
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division Cytokinesis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells (gametes) in sexually reproducing organisms
Meiosis
Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis produces two diploid (2n) somatic cells that
are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, whereas meiosis produces four
haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique from each other and the original parent (germ)
cell.
Number of Chromosomes in Humans... 46
Haploid Number of Chromosomes In Humans 23
Control center of the cell; a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth
and reproduction Nucleus
Processes and transports proteins made at attached ribosomes; synthesizes phospholipids Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Fatty acid and steroid synthesis; detoxifies toxic substances Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(SER)
A cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell Golgi
Complex
Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
Lysosomes
, Produce hydrogen peroxide, detoxifies harmful substances, oxidizes fatty acids, and protects cell
from free radicals Peroxisomes
- Hollow, cylindrical organelle that disposes of unnecessary and damaged proteins
- Contain enzymes that break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids
Proteasomes
- Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division
- Form mitotic spindle during mitosis Centrioles
A structure in cells containing two centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop and
organized Centrosome
Point of growth for cilium or flagellum Basal Body
Cell component responsible for energy production; powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis Ribosomes
Network of protein filaments that aid in intracellular support, cell movement, and moves
organelles. Cytoskeleton
The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.Cells
Composed of plasma (cell membrane), cytoplasm, cytosol, nucleus, and cytoskeleton Cells
Clear gel within the cell sometimes referred to as intracellular fluid (ICF) Cytosol
All the fluid and components between the nucleus and the cell membrane; includes the cytosol as
well as the cytoskeleton Cytoplasm
Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also
provides protection for cells. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing
the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside.
Contains Transmembrane proteins, Peripheral proteins, Cholesterol, and sugar (glycolipids and
glycoproteins) Phospholipid Bilayer
Integral proteins in the cell membrane, that extends all the way through the membrane touching
both the ICF and ECF Transmembrane Proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages
loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. Peripheral Protein
Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane Cholesterol
Does not use ATP as an energy source, occurs from high to low concentration.
Includes: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. Passive Transport
Moves along concentration gradient, from higher to lower concentration Simple Diffusion
The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid
of carrier proteins Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of water across semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high
solute concentration Osmosis
Solutions have high ECF osmolarity, water moves out of cell, cell shrinks Hypertonicity
Solutions have same osmolarity, no net movement of water in or out of cell Isotonicity
Solutions have low ECF osmolarity, water moves into the cell causing swelling and potential
bursting Hypotonicity
What tonicity are most intravenous (IV) solutions? Isotonic Solution
