CLEP Psychology Practice Test 1 with correct answers 2024

Psychologists who are interested in behavioral similarities and differences between species are a. biological psychologists. b. experimental psychologists. c. comparative psychologists. d. animal psychologists. e. physiological psychologists. - ANSWER-C Employee morale and staff cooperation would be the concern of a(n) a. clinical psychologist. b. forensic psychologist. c. social psychologist. d. industrial and organizational psychologist. e. business psychologist. - ANSWER-D To determine if people are coming to a full stop at an intersection with a new stop sign, the best research method would be a(n) a. naturalistic observation. b. experiment. c. case study. d. correlation. e. survey. - ANSWER-A If a researcher wished to determine whether heat causes an increase in aggression, the best approach would be to a. observe people in a public park on hot and cold days. b. compare and cross-reference weather reports with crime statistics. c. recruit participants to a university study, put half in a cold room and half in a hot room, and then observe their behavior. d. compare crime rates in countries that are hot vs. cooler. e. ask people if they feel irritable and prone to aggression in the hot weather. - ANSWER-C. The only way to determine whether one variable causes another is to do an experiment. Non-experimental methods yield correlational results only. Researchers cannot make causal statements from correlational results. In an experiment, subjects given various amounts of alcohol drive a course marked by orange pylons. The independent variable in this experiment is the a. various amounts of alcohol. b. subjects' driving ability before alcohol consumption. c. subjects' driving ability after alcohol consumption. d. the number of orange pylons hit. e. speed through the obstacle course. - ANSWER-A Scientists use replication in order to a. increase validity. b. increase research grants. c. show cause and effect. d. become more confident about their conclusions across a variety of situations. e. satisfy ethics requirements. - ANSWER-D The psychological perspective which includes the assumption that people are often unaware of the real motives behind their behavior is a. psychoanalysis. b. trait theory. c. behaviorism. d. cognitive psychology. e. humanistic psychology. - ANSWER-A The theorist who claimed that he could make any dozen healthy babies into anything he wished through conditioning was a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Carl Rogers d. B. F. Skinner. e. John Watson. - ANSWER-E. Watson was an extreme behaviorist. The primary job of most brain cells is a. transmitting messages. b. picking up sensations from the environment. c. thinking and reasoning. d. providing the brain with nutrients. e. maintaining homeostasis. - ANSWER-A The neuron's "senders" are the a. myelin sheaths. b. dendrites. c. axon terminal buttons. d. pons. e. receptor sites. - ANSWER-C Activity within a nerve cell is _____; activity between nerve cells is _______. a. positive; negative b. electrical; chemical c. chemical; electrical d. electrical; electrical e. chemical; chemical - ANSWER-B The spinal cord is part of the a. peripheral nervous system. b. cerebellum. c. central nervous system. d. reticular activating system. e. parasympathetic system. - ANSWER-C The brain's relay station which receives incoming sensory messages and passes them on to the cerebral cortex is the a. corpus callosum. b. hypothalamus. c. limbic system. d. thalamus. e. basal ganglia. - ANSWER-D The part of the brain chiefly responsible for emotion is the a. limbic system. b. reticular activating system. c. thalamus. d. corpus callosum. e. hippocampus. - ANSWER-A The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is MOST likely to be activated when you are a. sleeping. b. frightened. c. studying. d. talking to a good friend. e. dreaming. - ANSWER-B The association area of the cortex which seems to play a role in planning and problem solving is located in the a. amygdala. b. frontal lobes. c. temporal lobes. d. occipital lobes. e. parietal lobes. - ANSWER-B Sarah and James both have brown eyes, but their daughter has blue eyes. What is the MOST likely explanation for this? a. The child is adopted. b. James is not the child's father. c. Eye color is not determined by the dominant-recessive principle. d. The child's eye color will change when she is older. e. Both James and Sarah carry a recessive gene for blue eyes. - ANSWER-E The minimum amount of stimulus energy required to stimulate a receptor is the a. just noticeable difference (j.n.d). b. wavelength. c. absolute threshold. d. pattern theory. e. stimulus-receptor prompt. - ANSWER-C Which of the following is TRUE about perceiving objects? a. Sensory adaptation allows us to focus on one stimuli among many. b. Our eyes must continuously quiver in order to counteract the effects of sensory adaptation. c. Weber's law is another term for the absolute threshold. d. Perception occurs independently of expectations. e. Perception is the same as sensation. - ANSWER-B Cones, unlike rods, will respond to a. movement but not color. b. color but not movement. c. movement but not brightness. d. brightness but not movement. e. both movement and color - ANSWER-E The LEAST efficient of the human senses is a. taste. b. touch. c. hearing. d. vision. e. smell. - ANSWER-A Movements of the head are detected by a. rods and cones. b. the semicircular canals. c. free nerve endings. d. Krause end bulbs. e. the ear bones in the middle ear. - ANSWER-B Todd is shown a card with the stimuli AAABBBCCC and is asked to report what he sees. Todd states that there are three groups of different letters. This illustrates the rule of perceptual organization known as a. similarity. b. gestalt. c. closure. d. continuation. e. proximity. - ANSWER-A Binocular vision provides clues regarding a. depth and distance. b. brightness and hue. c. timber and pitch. d. color and size. e. complexity and shape. - ANSWER-A Delirium tremens are associated with a. addiction to any drug. b. Parkinson's disease. c. withdrawal from alcohol. d. anxiety disorders. e. withdrawal from stimulants. - ANSWER-C Which of the following is TRUE about hypnosis? a. Under hypnosis, people can be forced to do things that violate their morals. b. Everyone can be hypnotized. c. Psychologists generally agree that hypnosis is indeed a divided state of consciousness. d. Hypnosis has enabled some people to go through surgical procedures without anesthetic. e. Recovered memories retrieved under hypnosis are usually reliable. - ANSWER-D. Not everyone can be hypnotized, but for those who can, hypnosis can provide remarkable results. Caution should be exercised about accepting the validity of recovered memories, and hypnosis remains a controversial topic in psychology. "Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior" is an incomplete definition of learning because it does not include the role of a. growth. b. conditioning. c. cognition. d. experience. e. reinforcement. - ANSWER-D When a child learns not to use swear words in front of his parents, but does so in front of friends, the child is exhibiting the principle of a. stimulus discrimination. b. classical conditioning. c. stimulus generalization. d. selective extinction. e. response generalization. - ANSWER-A. The child has learned to tell apart (discriminate) between his parents and his friends. It is often suggested that classically conditioned responses are _____, whereas operantly conditioned responses are _____. a. voluntary, involuntary b. aversive, appetitive c. aversive, reflexive d. reflexes, voluntary e. appetitive, aversive - ANSWER-D A psychology student is training a rat to climb a ladder. She first rewards the rat for any movement it makes toward the ladder, and then only when the rat actually makes contact with the ladder. Eventually, the rat must successfully climb the ladder in order to obtain the reward. This student has used the behavioral technique of a. shaping. b. stimulus discrimination. c. negative reinforcement. d. positive reinforcement. e. modeling. - ANSWER-A. Shaping is a technique of gradually changing behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the behavior (closer and closer to the target behavior). In general, learning takes place more rapidly with a. continuous reinforcement. b. partial reinforcement. c. random reinforcement. d. no reinforcement. e. intermittent reinforcement. - ANSWER-A Systematically applying principles of operant conditioning to influence and change behavior is referred to as a. observational learning. b. mind control. c. classical conditioning. d. psychotherapy. e. behavior modification. - ANSWER-E Jenna is very frustrated because her cat keeps jumping up on the counter, even though she had spent a lot of time trying to train him not to do so. Which concept of learning should Jenna MOST be aware of? a. Negative reinforcement b. Positive reinforcement c. Instinctual drift d. Preparedness e. Latent learning - ANSWER-C A parent who deliberately ignores a child's temper tantrum is attempting to discourage tantrums by a. negative reinforcement. b. extinction. c. positive reinforcement. d. operant avoidance. e. learned helplessness. - ANSWER-B. According to the principle of extinction, when a behavior is no longer followed by reinforcement, the behavior decreases in frequency because it is no longer being maintained by reinforcers. Being aware of the sound presently being made in this room is an example of a. recall. b. sensory memory. c. retroactive interference. d. flashbulb memory. e. short-term memory. - ANSWER-B. Sensory memory holds current information recently gathered by the senses for only an instant. Ishmael wishes to remember the phone number of an attractive woman he just met. The MOST likely strategy he will use is a. mnemonics. b. semantics. c. relearning. d. rehearsal. e. recall. - ANSWER-D. Rehearsal is the intentional repetition of information in order to improve short-term memory A "fill in the blank" type of examination would usually measure a. explicit memory. b. recognition. c. relearning. d. recall. e. chunking. - ANSWER-D. Recall is a form of remembering that requires the person to bring information out of memory without many retrieval cues. If you memorize the letters FBIKEGUCLA as FBI-KEG-UCLA, you have used a technique known as a. chunking. b. recognition. c. relearning. d. encoding visual characteristic. e. RNA. - ANSWER-A The basic sounds of a language are called a. morphemes. b. semantics. c. syntax. d. vocabulary. e. phonemes. - ANSWER-E The speech sounds made by infants a. are specific to the language of their culture. b. represent sounds from two or three different languages. c. include speech sounds used in virtually all languages. d. are unrelated to eventual language development. e. are different from those used in any language. - ANSWER-C In the Stanford-Binet test, IQ is defined as a. ability to learn and adapt. b. MA/CA x 100. c. CA/MA x 100. d. the sum of the verbal and non-verbal scales. e. the person's mental age. - ANSWER-B. Mental Age (abilities) divided by Chronological Age (in years) multiplied by 100. Studies of identical twins do not provide conclusive evidence of the effect of genetics on intelligence, because a. identical twins reared apart are usually selectively placed in environments that are as similar as possible. b. the studies are too few in number to be conclusive. c. identical twins reared together do not share exactly the same environment. d. the twins who are subjects in such studies typically have not been separated soon enough to rule out environmental effects. e. identical twins share only about 75 percent of the same genes. - ANSWER-A. Although identical twins share 100 percent of genes, they are not identical beings. Environment does make a difference. However, identical twins are often reared in environments that are relatively similar in terms of intellectual development. Therefore, it is impossible to say what percent of their progress is the result of genes, and what percent is the result of their environments. If a test measures what it is intended to measure, it has a. objectivity. b. reliability. c. replicability. d. validity. e. standardization. - ANSWER-D An emotion is comprised of all of the following EXCEPT a. changes in physiology. b. cognitive awareness. c. possible changes in feeling. d. goal-directed behavior. e. All of the choices ARE part of an emotion. - ANSWER-E. All emotions have a physiological basis, cognitive awareness, a sense of goal-directedness, and possible changes in feeling. When people of varying cultures were asked to match facial expressions with specific emotions a. there was little agreement, even among people from the same culture. b. there was agreement within a specific culture, but not across cultures. c. people from underdeveloped societies had responses not seen in industrial societies. d. there was remarkable agreement among members of all cultures. e. all cultures had exactly the same expressions. - ANSWER-D. The six basic emotions (happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, anger, and fear) are universally recognized, suggesting that there is a biological basis for the display of these emotions. The regulation of temperature in humans and other mammals provides a good example of the general physiological process of a. arousal. b. habituation. c. homeostasis. d. object incentive. e. metabolism. - ANSWER-C. Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium or balance in any physiological system. The sex hormone in females is _____ and the sex hormone in males is _____. a. estrogen; androgen b. endorphins; androgens c. estrogen; endorphins d. androgen; estrogen e. androgen; glycogen - ANSWER-A The correct order of Masters' and Johnson's stages of sexual response is: a. arousal, plateau, resolution, orgasm. b. excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm. c. excitement, resolution, orgasm, plateau. d. arousal, resolution, plateau, orgasm. e. excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution. - ANSWER-E. Excitement is the building up of arousal, plateau is an increase in excitement, orgasm is muscular contractions, and resolution is a return to a normal non-aroused state. The correct order of Maslow's needs hierarchy is: a. physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization. b. safety, physiological needs, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization. c. physiological needs, safety, esteem, love and belonging, self-actualization. d. physiological needs, self-actualization, safety, love and belonging, esteem. e. physiological needs, love and belonging, safety, esteem, self-actualization. - ANSWER-A. The correct order from lowest to highest is: physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. At conception, the original fertilized cell consists of 46 a. chromosomes. b. genes. c. molecules of DNA. d. gametes. e. nuclei. - ANSWER-A A harmful substance that can cross the placenta and harm the fetus is called a(an) a. contaminant. b. teratogen. c. carcinogen. d. enzyme. e. pathogen. - ANSWER-B. Examples of teratogens, which originate outside the mother's body, include alcohol, drugs, viruses, infections, and byproducts of cigarettes. Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested PRIMARILY in children's a. physical development. b. sexual development. c. cognitive development. d. emotional development. e. moral development - ANSWER-C. Piaget's theory includes the sensorimotor, preoperational, and formal operational stages of children's cognitive development. Joe is four years old. He watches as you pour out the same amount of juice into two identical glasses, one for him and one for his friend. He correctly tells you that there is the same amount of juice in each glass. However, if you pour the contents of one of the glasses into a taller, thinner glass, he says he wants that one "because there's more juice in it." Joe has not yet mastered the principle of a. egocentrism. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. correspondence. e. concreteness. - ANSWER-C. Conservation is the ability to understand that certain attributes of objects or situations remain the same despite superficial changes in their appearance. According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are primarily dealing with concerns related to a. generativity versus self-absorption. b. identity versus confusion. c. trust versus mistrust. d. ego integrity vs despair. e. intimacy versus isolation. - ANSWER-B. Adolescents struggle with developing an identity of their own (positive outcome) vs. failing to establish a unique identity (confusion). Psychodynamic theory was originally developed by a. Carl Rogers. b. Carl Jung. c. Alfred Adler. d. Erich Fromm. e. Sigmund Freud. - ANSWER-E. Freud developed psychodynamic (or psychoanalytic) theory in the late 1800s. Which of the following statements BEST describes the structure of personality as Sigmund Freud saw it? a. The ego originates from the superego. b. The id mediates between the superego and the ego. c. The superego is the most powerful unit in the personality. d. The ego mediates between the id and the superego. e. The id originates from the superego. - ANSWER-D. The ego is the executive of the personality. It operates on the reality principle and finds ways to satisfy the demands of both the id and the superego. According to Freudian theory, the Oedipus complex is resolved through the process of a. regression. b. identification. c. modeling. d. repression. e. sublimation. - ANSWER-B. The defense mechanism of identification protects the ego from unacceptable thoughts by identifying with the same-sex parent and giving up the desire to possess the opposite-sex parent. In breaking away from Freud, Alfred Adler proposed that people a. inherit the learned behaviors of their ancestors. b. suffer from fixations in the early psychosexual stages. c. attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority. d. suffer from strong biological urges. e. have an ancestral memory called the collective unconscious. - ANSWER-C. Adler said that we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority by striving to be superior (i.e., to self-actualize). Social learning theory emphasizes the phenomenon of a. observational learning. b. positive reinforcement. c. self-actualization. d. introversion-extroversion. e. personality types. - ANSWER-A. Social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura; it emphasizes observational, or vicarious, learning - also known as modeling. If you would enjoy roaming around the world but would also enjoy the rewards of settling down, you are experiencing a(n) a. bi-dimensional conflict. b. approach-approach conflict. c. avoidance-avoidance conflict. d. approach-avoidance conflict. e. double approach-avoidance conflict. - ANSWER-B. approach-approach conflict. A person who is overly energetic and hyperactive, makes grandiose plans, and experiences feelings of omnipotence is a. schizoid. b. hysterical. c. manic. d. obsessive. e. anal-retentive. - ANSWER-C. Being manic is an extreme high, often characterized by behaviors that do not reflect reality. At the end of the manic episode, the person often swings the other way into a severe depression. People diagnosed as having a(n) _______ disorder outnumber all other groups of mentally ill individuals. a. conversion b. psychotic c. affective d. anxiety e. personality - ANSWER-D. Anxiety disorders are the most frequently occurring disorders and include generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mood disorders are the second most frequently occurring disorders. A seemingly charming, candid, generous person who lies freely, forms no close ties, and is selfish and remorseless, is probably a(n) a. antisocial personality. b. histrionic personality disorder. c. narcissistic personality. d. schizoid personality. e. autistic personality. - ANSWER-A. Also known as sociopaths or psychopaths, people with antisocial personality disorder have no conscience and no sense of remorse. They view other people opportunistically. The term dissociative identity disorder is synonymous with a. multiple personality disorder. b. schizophrenia. c. hysteria. d. pathological impulse control. e. sexual dysfunction. - ANSWER-A. Dissociative identity disorder is a newer term for multiple personality disorder. The psychodynamic approach to the treatment of psychological disorders is based on the assumption that maladaptive behavior a. is learned, and therapy should teach the client more adaptive behavior. b. is caused by imbalances in biochemical functioning of the brain. c. occurs when the client no longer feels that life is meaningful. d. is the result of problems in living. e. is related to unresolved childhood conflicts. - ANSWER-E. Psychodynamic (Freudian) treatment relies heavily on understanding early life experiences and conflicts, and uncovering the roots of unconscious motivation. Compared with traditional Freudians, modern psychodynamic therapists tend to give greater emphasis to the a. patient's social and cultural environment. b. patient's early childhood experiences. c. patient's unconscious conflicts. d. use of applied behavior analysis. e. role of self-actualization. - ANSWER-A. Although modern psychodynamic therapists still regard early experience and unconscious conflicts as important, they are more likely to give weight to the patient's social and cultural environment. The ability to understand accurately the feelings of a client is called a. sympathy. b. reflection. c. unconditional positive regard. d. empathy. e. congruence. - ANSWER-D. Empathy consists of trying to see the world the way the client sees it. Aversive conditioning is a form of a. behavior therapy. b. cognitive therapy. c. desensitization. d. dissonance. e. learning by observation. - ANSWER-A. In aversive conditioning, the therapist attempts to change the client's behavior by pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus to decrease the behavior's frequency. Self-help groups are effective for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT a. the bonds with others. b. the insight offered by a trained therapist. c. the availability of models with whom to identify. d. the feeling that one is not alone in his or her problem. e. the reassurance that most stress reactions are normal. - ANSWER-B. Self-help groups are usually led by a para-professional, who has been given minimal training by a mental health professional. Since the introduction of drug treatment approximately 25 years ago, the percentage of the population in the United States that is hospitalized for mental disorders has a. increased substantially. b. increased slightly. c. remained constant. d. decreased. e. fluctuated vastly. - ANSWER-D. De-institutionalization has been a problem because many people who are released without proper supervision forget to take the prescribed drugs and deteriorate back into poor mental health or psychosis. Others are able to control the illness effectively via medication. Cognitive dissonance is BEST described as a. feelings of discomfort generated by inconsistency between a person's beliefs and actions. b. negative feelings generated when someone unduly threatens one's freedoms. c. a denial of a discrepancy between beliefs and actions. d. negative feelings generated when exposed to arguments against one's attitudes. e. a state of heightened self-awareness that motivates one to perform an objective self appraisal. - ANSWER-A. When attitudes are inconsistent with action, it creates tension (cognitive dissonance) and a corresponding drive to reduce that tension, often by changing either the attitudes or the behavior to make them more consistent with one another. When a person's behavior is assigned to an external cause, the type of attribution made is _____; when a person's behavior is assigned to an internal cause, the type of attribution made is _____. a. stable; unstable b. dispositional; situational c. global; specific d. situational; dispositional e. specific; external - ANSWER-D. Situational or external attributions explain events by assuming they are caused by something in the environment. Dispositional or internal attributions explain events by assuming they are caused by something about the individual. A mother who is certain her children cannot make decisions encourages dependent behavior that confirms her opinion of them, exemplifying a. self-perception theory. b. the theory of social comparison. c. expedient conformity. d. a self-fulfilling prophecy. e. cognitive dissonance. - ANSWER-D. A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true not necessarily because it was correct, but more because it was made in the first place. Once people have an expectation about events, they tend to engage in behavior that increases the probability of the event's occurrence. Which of the following is TRUE about the relationship between frustration and aggression? a. Frustration always causes aggression. b. Biological factors are more important than social factors in aggressive behavior. c. Whether or not frustration will result in aggression depends on cognitive appraisal. d. Frustration is likely to cause aggression in children but depression in adults. e. Aggression is always a sign that frustration and depression is present in an individual. - ANSWER-C. Cognitive factors include, for example, perception of intent, controllability, and magnitude. The results of IQ testing suggest that a. the average IQ is well above 100. b. IQ cannot be tested reliably. c. IQ scores approximate a normal distribution. d. IQ is an excellent predictor of emotional adjustment. e. IQ tests are a direct measure of intelligence. - ANSWER-C. A normal distribution of scores above and below the mean is also known as a bell-shaped curve. A normal curve of distribution is a set of scores with a. a high standard deviation. b. most scores near one end of the range. c. approximately equal numbers of scores from one end of the range to the other. d. most scores in the middle of the range. e. most scores at the high and low ends of the range. - ANSWER-D. In a normal curve of distribution, most scores will cluster around the mean score, or around the middle of the range. For a representative sample of identical twins, the correlation coefficient between their IQs was found to be 0.80. Hence, we can say that a. 80% of IQ is inherited. b. 80% of IQ is due to environmental effects. c. IQ and inherited genes are strongly related. d. identical twins usually have identical IQs. e. IQ is barely related to heredity. - ANSWER-C. A correlation does not prove causation, but it can establish relation. It is, therefore, difficult to separate heredity from environment in determining exactly why people are intelligent. On a trial basis, State College admitted 300 students from the lowest third of their high school graduation class. They were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received extensive training in study habits, group B received motivational lectures, and group C received no special treatment. At the end of the year, the average grades of the groups were compared. The dependent variable was a. the random assignment of groups. b. the type of treatment received. c. the rank in high school graduation class. d. the average grade of each group. e. each student's individual grade point average. - ANSWER-D. The dependent variable is the outcome variable. It occurs as a result of the experimental condition. In this case, the dependent variable is the average grade of the three different groups, compared against each other. The most prominent of the early American psychologists was a. Carl Rogers. b. Sigmund Freud. c. William James. d. Sir Francis Galton. e. Wilhelm Wundt. - ANSWER-C. James studied introspection in the late 1800s. Freud, Galton and Wundt were all Europeans. Rogers was a twentieth-century psychologist. "Psychology is the study of the relationship between events, or stimuli, in the environment and the responses they produce from an organism." This statement is MOST likely to be made by a a. structuralist. b. cognitive psychologist. c. functionalist. d. behaviorist. e. Gestalt psychologist. - ANSWER-D. Behaviorism is the psychological study of overt behavior, and the relationship between behavior and its consequences. Behaviorists focus on the organism's environment and its effect on behavior, not on mental processes. Heredity is to _____ as environment is to ______. a. nature; nurture b. nurture; genetics c. nurture; nature d. experience; nature e. experience; genetics - ANSWER-A. Heredity refers to our genetic background (nature) while environment refers to our social/environmental experiences (nurture). Which historical figure would have been MORE sympathetic with the nurture rather than the nature position? a. John Watson b. Sir Francis Galton c. William James d. Karen Horney e. Sigmund Freud - ANSWER-A. Watson was a radical behaviorist. He was interested in the effect of the environment on the individual, and did not measure internal events. The myelin sheath serves the function of a. providing nutrients to the cell. b. protecting the axon of a nerve cell. c. stimulating hormone production. d. eliminating the need for synapses. e. increasing the speed at which nerve impulses travel. - ANSWER-E At the synapse a. a microscopic distance separates neurons. b. the ends of the two neurons join together. c. neurons connect to each other. d. all action is electrical. e. all neurotransmission is halted. - ANSWER-A Messages are carried from the sense organs to the brain by a. efferent neurons. b. afferent neurons. c. microneurons. d. operant neurons. e. connecting neurons. - ANSWER-B. Afferent neurons (sensory neurons) bring information from the senses to the brain. Efferent (or motor) neurons originate in the brain and send messages out to the body. Renee has been in an automobile accident which caused severe brain damage. Her doctors may tell her family all of the following EXCEPT a. the brain is able to reorganize and shift functions. b. psychological and physical functions may be critically affected. c. damage to the brain is lasting. d. children are better able to compensate for brain damage than adults are. e. brain cells have the ability to regenerate. - ANSWER-E. Although the brain has a remarkable ability to partially compensate for damage, brain cells themselves do not regenerate. James is sound asleep when the sound of a creaky floorboard startles him awake to find a burglar in his home. Which part of the brain was responsible for waking him up? a. Hypothalamus b. Amygdala c. Cerebellum d. Frontal lobe e. Reticular activating system - ANSWER-E. The reticular activating system monitors alertness and determines which sensory messages are important and which are not. Messages are then passed on to the thalamus, which controls which parts of the brain receive which messages. The actions that organisms take in response to anger or fear are strongly influenced by the brain structure called the a. amygdala. b. corpus callosum. c. hippocampus. d. association cortex. e. pons. - ANSWER-A. The amygdala regulates aggression and fear. The amygdala is part of the limbic system, which is the emotional center of the brain. Stimulation of salivary glands and digestion are functions of the a. sympathetic nervous system. b. central nervous system. c. peripheral nervous system. d. hypothalamus. e. parasympathetic nervous system. - ANSWER-E. The parasympathetic system calms the body back down, slows heartbeat, reduces blood pressure, and brings digestion back "on-line." Digestion is taken "off-line" during times of stress or fear by the sympathetic system, which arouses the body. If you are like most people, the a. right hemisphere of your brain is dominant. b. left hemisphere of your brain is dominant. c. left hemisphere of your brain plays no role in understanding language. d. right and left hemispheres of the brain perform completely separate functions without much interaction. e. right and left hemisphere perform identical functions. - ANSWER-B. In most people the left hemisphere is dominant. Since the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, this also explains why most people are right-hand dominant. Which of the following statements about genetics is CORRECT? a. In humans, genes cause specific behaviors. b. We have 85% of our genes in common with chimpanzees. c. Most physical traits represent the averaging of one dominant and one recessive gene. d. According to evolutionary theory, individuals who are more successful at surviving are more likely to pass on their genes. e. Humans have about 5,000 different genes. - ANSWER-D. According to evolutionary theory, genes have become more specialized because they have given us an advantage in surviving and adapting. Those who adapted more successfully lived longer and passed on their "successful" genes. Sound waves entering the ear cause vibrations of the a. outer ear. b. auditory canal. c. semicircular canals. d. eardrum. e. cochlea - ANSWER-D. The eardrum is the membrane between the outer ear and the middle ear. When it vibrates, it passes the message to the middle ear. As Mr. Ross walks to his office building in the city, he sees dozens of people, hears the sounds of traffic and voices, and smells the food from a nearby restaurant. Mr. Ross will sort out these stimuli with a process called a. convergence. b. form perception. c. disparity. d. selection. e. perception - ANSWER-D. Selection is the ability to pay attention to only some of the stimuli that bombard our sense organs. Typically, we do not believe that airplanes shrink as they take off and soar away into the sky or that they become larger as they land and taxi up to the terminal. Our rejection of this belief is based on the phenomenon known as a. proximity b. interposition. c. linear perspective. d. perceptual constancy. e. global processing. - ANSWER-D. Perceptual constancy allows us to continue to see the world as stable and consistent, despite changes in the way images are projected to the retina. A prototype (or schema) of a giraffe would be a(n) a. innate image of what a giraffe looks like. b. list of giraffe features. c. photo of a particular giraffe. d. idea of how a giraffe feeds. e. generalized mental model of a giraffe. - ANSWER-E. A prototype is a generalized picture or model on which a concept or perception is based. A prototype is a best example of a schema. EEG recordings show that the brainwaves that are MOST typical of the deepest stage of sleep are those associated with a. alpha sleep. b. beta sleep. c. gamma sleep. d. delta sleep. e. REM sleep - ANSWER-D. Delta sleep, also known as stage 4 sleep, is the deepest stage of sleep. On an EEG, delta waves show up as large, slow brainwaves. Barbiturates are to _______ as tranquillizers are to ________. a. sleep; anxiety b. anxiety; sleep c. sleep; euphoria d. euphoria; sleep e. anxiety; euphoria - ANSWER-A. Barbiturates and tranquillizers are both central nervous system depressants. Barbiturates are "sleeping pills" and tranquillizers relax a person and reduce anxiety. Irrational fears in humans, such as claustrophobia, MOST often result from a. brain damage. b. classical conditioning. c. instrumental conditioning. d. inheritance. e. observing one's parents. - ANSWER-B. Although some phobias probably reflect a genetic predisposition, phobias often arise because a naturally frightening or unpleasant stimulus (e.g., pain) comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., a bee) and the fear may be then generalized (e.g., to all insects). In the case of claustrophobia, a feeling of discomfort or fear in a small space (e.g., a child getting shut in a closet) becomes generalized to all closed-in spaces. This is an example of classical conditioning. In his experiment with a boy named Albert, John Watson paired Albert's touching of a white rat with a. a toy bunny. b. the smell of food. c. a bell. d. a man dressed like Santa Claus. e. a loud noise. - ANSWER-E. In this experiment, the loud noise was the unconditioned stimulus, and the rat became the conditioned stimulus. Operant conditioning requires a. reinforcing the desired behavior. b. learning through observation. c. pairing a conditioned and an unconditioned stimulus. d. pairing a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response. e. punishing a trial-and-error behavior. - ANSWER-A. In operant conditioning, reinforcements (rewards) and punishments determine how frequently a behavior will be chosen by an organism. Mrs. Sanchez repeatedly tells her teenage son to hang up his clothes instead of leaving them on the floor. Her son complains that she is nagging. Mrs. Sanchez says, "Hang up your clothes and I won't nag." Mrs. Sanchez is using a. punishment. b. negative reinforcement. c. negative punishment. d. conditioned positive reinforcement. e. aversive positive reinforcement. - ANSWER-B. Negative reinforcement increases a behavior (room-cleaning) by removing an undesirable outcome/stimulus (nagging). Negative reinforcement is NOT punishment. Behavior will be MOST resistant to extinction when _____ reinforcement has been used. a. negative b. positive c. continuous d. interval e. partial - ANSWER-E. If a reward is predictable (e.g., every 10 minutes, or every 10 behaviors) but does not occur, the organism will give up quickly. In partial (intermittent) reinforcement, the reward is unpredictable. Since the organism knows that a reward will come eventually, it continues the behavior in order to get the reward. What schedule of reinforcement would be in effect when a salesman is paid $500.00 for every three new accounts he sells? a. Fixed ratio b. Fixed interval c. Variable ratio d. Variable interval e. Differential ratio - ANSWER-A. Schedules that are fixed are predictable (every third sale). Schedules that reward after a specified number of behaviors are called ratios. Therefore, the salesman is on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. Of the following, the most common cause of learned helplessness is a. lack of interest. b. punishment. c. inconsistent reinforcement. d. classical conditioning. e. failure. - ANSWER-E. In learned helplessness, people learn that there is no relationship between their actions and their outcomes. All actions produce the same (negative) results—failure. Therefore, the person—or other organisms—stops trying. According to Bandura's theory, children who see a film involving adult aggression are MOST likely to a. fear adults who later enter the room. b. dislike aggression. c. imitate the aggressive acts. d. ignore the aggressive behavior and attend to the non-aggressive behavior. e. become criminals as adults. - ANSWER-C. Bandura's theory is called observational learning, or modeling. The film was part of one of his experiments. The children imitated the adult model's aggression toward a blow-up doll. Fido hears the can opener and runs toward the kitchen. When he gets there, he finds that the interior kitchen door is closed, so he runs out his dog door and goes to the back door, off the kitchen. Fido's behavior is most closely related to a. insight learning. b. observational learning. c. modeling. d. an unconditioned response. e. cognitive maps. - ANSWER-E. A cognitive map is an organism's mental representation of physical space. We develop cognitive maps as a result of moving around in our environment. Most people can retain about how many items in short-term memory? a. 3 to 5 b. 5 to 9 c. 10 to 15 d. 15 to 20 e. 20 to 30 - ANSWER-B It has been estimated that the number of individual items stored in adult long-term memory is probably a. a few thousand. b. about a hundred thousand. c. about one million. d. about 10 million. e. virtually unlimited. - ANSWER-E The individual who used nonsense syllables in early experimental studies of forgetting is a. Abraham Maslow. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Robert Sternberg. d. George Miller. e. Herman Ebbinghaus. - ANSWER-E. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables (meaningless words) to study memory and retention. From this, he developed the "curve of forgetting." If the police are questioning witnesses to a robbery, which question is MOST likely to result in an accurate description of the robber? a. Was the robber wearing a red baseball cap? b. Was the robber limping just slightly? c. How tall was the robber? d. Was the robber white? e. Was the robber a teenager? - ANSWER-C. Questions should not "lead" a witness. People can easily incorporate after-the-fact information into existing memories without even being aware that they are doing so. The ability to deal with new problems that require specialized skills such as perception and memory span is called a. fluid intelligence. b. crystallized intelligence. c. analytical intelligence. d. functional intelligence. e. creative intelligence. - ANSWER-A. Younger people score higher in fluid intelligence (the ability to use knowledge and problem solving to deal with differing and novel situations), while older people score higher in crystallized intelligence (the ability to use accumulated knowledge toward activities such as reading). Benjamin Whorf suggested that a. language and perception are unrelated. b. language is tailored to human thinking. c. all humans perceive and describe the world in much the same way. d. perception is not possible without language. e. language shapes our view of the world. - ANSWER-E. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that the words we use (or hear) influence the way we think. "All planets are square. Mars is round. Therefore, Mars is not a planet." This is an example of a. illogical thinking. b. functional fixedness. c. a faulty premise. d. elliptical thinking. e. low intelligence. - ANSWER-C. A premise is a basic belief that is accepted and used in thinking. It is a starting point for logic. In this case, the premise is simply not true. Most of the changes in the body that take place during times of high emotion are controlled by the a. parasympathetic system. b. thyroid gland. c. right hemisphere of the brain. d. autonomic nervous system. e. cerebral cortex. - ANSWER-D. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates "automatic" functions in the body. The sympathetic division of the ANS arouses the body during stress or strong emotions. The parasympathetic division calms the body after the stress is over. The innate physiological mechanism that keeps an individual's body weight at a genetically pre-programmed level is known as the a. homeostatic trigger. b. hunger median. c. set point. d. metabolic master. e. equilibrium. - ANSWER-C Compared to the sexual behavior of lower animal forms, human sexual behavior is more influenced by a. hormones. b. learning. c. pheromones. d. physiology. e. natural selection. - ANSWER-B. Cognition (and thus learning) is a major contributor to human sexual behavior. The BEST predictor of homosexuality in adulthood is the existence of a. a weak, unavailable father and a strong, authoritarian mother. b. early pleasurable experiences associated with homosexual behavior. c. homosexual feelings prior to any sexual activities. d. an overbearing, dominant mother. e. early unpleasurable dating experiences with members of the opposite sex. - ANSWER-C. Research into the social contributions of homosexuality has not identified any consistent social patterns that are related to the development of sexual orientation. It is likely that a homosexual orientation is a result of a complex interaction of a number of factors, including having a biological predisposition. The rooting response is related to an infant's need for a. affection. b. warmth. c. security. d. food. e. avoidance of pain. - ANSWER-D. In the rooting response, touching an infant's cheek will cause the infant to turn in the direction of the touch. In the case of being held to breast feed, this turns the infant toward the source of milk. Little Andrew has developed a concept that large, four-legged creatures are "horses." Upon seeing a cow, Andrew calls it a horse. His mother says to him, "Andrew, that's not a horse, that's a cow." Andrew's mother is trying to get him to engage in a. concrete operations. b. formal operations. c. conservation. d. accommodation. e. assimilation. - ANSWER-D. Accommodation involves changing or adjusting an existing schema in the face of contradictory observations. In contrast, assimilation allows the existing schema to expand and grow. In this case "cow" requires an accommodation, while "pony" can be incorporated into the existing schema. The first menstrual period for a female is called a. menopause. b. menarche. c. puberty. d. anarchy. e. the climacteric. - ANSWER-B Consider the moral dilemma faced by a husband who is trying to decide whether to steal a drug he cannot afford but which is the only treatment that will save his wife's life. If you say the husband shouldn't steal the drug because he will be punished for his actions, you are showing moral reasoning at the a. preconventional level. b. conventional level. c. postconventional level. d. transconventional level. e. metaconventional level. - ANSWER-A. At the preconventional level, the individual is concerned with getting rewards and avoiding punishment. Which type of parents are the MOST likely to have children who do better in high school? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Punitive e. Indulgent - ANSWER-A. Authoritative parenting encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their behavior. Children of authoritative parents tend to be socially competent and self-reliant. Id is to _____ as ego is to ______. a. pleasure; reality b. reality; pleasure c. reality; morality d. pleasure; morality e. morality; reality - ANSWER-A. The id operates on the pleasure principle, and the ego operates on the reality principle. The superego is guided by morality. The correct order of Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development is a. anal, phallic, oral, genital, latency. b. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. c. genital, latency, phallic, oral, anal. d. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital. e. anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency. - ANSWER-B Carl Jung's notion that every human being possesses a knowledge of humanity's fears and of common past experiences is called the a. collective unconsciousness. b. personal unconsciousness. c. genotype. d. primary instinct. e. thanatos. - ANSWER-A. Jung believed that the collective unconsciousness was passed down in the same way that physical attributes are passed from generation to generation. Basic anxiety—the feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world—was important to the theory of a. Erik Erikson. b. Alfred Adler. c. Karen Horney. d. Carl Rogers. e. Hans Eysenck. - ANSWER-C. Karen Horney believed that the need for security, not sexuality, was a prime motive for humans. Certain behaviors are seen as a way to cope with basic anxiety. "If we knew a person's entire reinforcement history, we could accurately predict his behavior." This statement would MOST likely have been made by a. Carl Jung. b. Carl Rogers. c. Hans Eysenck. d. B. F. Skinner. e. Abraham Maslow. - ANSWER-D. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning emphasized that behaviors are performed in order to maximize rewards and avoid punishments. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of which of the following types of personality tests? a. Objective b. Projective c. Behavior assessment d. Achievement e. Situational - ANSWER-A. The MMPI, the most widely used personality test composed of a standard number of questions and standardized norms for scoring, is considered to be an objective form of of personality assessment. The order in which the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) occur is a. alarm, exhaustion, and resistance. b. alarm, resistance, and adaptation. c. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. d. exhaustion, alarm, and resistance. e. resistance, exhaustion, and alarm. - ANSWER-C Which of the following is MOST likely to have a positive influence on an individual's ability to cope with a stressful event? a. An external locus of control b. An inability to control the situation c. Good physical fitness d. High levels of blood cortisols e. A low tolerance for frustration - ANSWER-C. Physical fitness can provide a buffering effect against stress. The chance that a person will develop schizophrenia is about _____ out of 100. a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 10 e. 15 - ANSWER-A Depression is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT a. sleep disturbances. b. hyperactivity. c. poor digestion. d. difficulty concentrating. e. feelings of hopelessness. - ANSWER-B. People who are depressed often suffer from fatigue or loss of energy. Hyperactivity is characterized by excessive energy levels. Depression occurs much MORE frequently among a. children than adults. b. women than men. c. blacks than whites. d. neurotics than psychotics. e. rural inhabitants than urban dwellers. - ANSWER-B. Women are approximately 2 to 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with depression. Individuals who are so anxious about being in a public place that they never leave home are suffering from a. fugue. b. claustrophobia. c. agoraphobia. d. generalized anxiety. e. acrophobia. - ANSWER-C Phobic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders are specific disorders that both fall into the broader category of a. affective disorders. b. dissociative disorders. c. personality disorders. d. somatoform disorders. e. anxiety disorders. - ANSWER-E. Both phobic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders are classified as anxiety disorders. Obsessions refer to _____, whereas compulsions refer to _____. a. thoughts; behaviors. b. behaviors; thoughts. c. depression; anxiety. d. neurotic symptoms; psychotic symptoms. e. psychotic symptoms; neurotic symptoms. - ANSWER-A. Obsessions are repetitive thoughts and compulsions are repetitive and ritualistic behaviors. The major purpose of free association in psychoanalysis is to a. reveal important events of one's childhood. b. uncover unconscious conflicts that may be causing anxiety. c. establish rapport between the analyst and the patient. d. determine whether or not the patient is experiencing catharsis. e. allow the analyst to gauge the patient's creative capacity. - ANSWER-B. In free association, the patient is encouraged to lie back and say out loud any thought that enters his or her consciousness, in order to give the treating clinician a stronger chance of uncovering well-hidden, unconscious conflicts. The therapeutic approach that gives emphasis to self-acceptance, personal responsibility, and the client's perspective is a. psychoanalytic therapy. b. behavioral therapy. c. humanistic therapy. d. cognitive therapy. e. environmental therapy. - ANSWER-C. Humanistic therapists believe that the basic tendency in humans is toward self-actualization (fulfillment of potential) and that conditions of worth (judgments) often interfere with that tendency. The most influential proponent of "person-centered therapy" has been a. Fritz Perls b. Aaron Beck. c. Albert Ellis. d. Albert Bandura. e. Carl Rogers. - ANSWER-E The various behavior therapies are based on a. a resolution of unconscious conflicts so that these will not affect our actions. b. the role of cognition in creating mental illness. c. the correction of faulty thinking to eliminate its effect on behavior. d. an application of principles of learning to eliminate unwanted behaviors. e. the reduction of symptoms by the patient's gaining insight into their causes. - ANSWER-D. Although some behavior therapies include correcting faulty thinking, some do not. What all behavior therapies share in common is an application of principles of learning to eliminate unwanted behaviors. Joey is severely mentally retarded. Which of the following strategies is most likely to be used to get him to dress himself and tidy his room? a. Use a token economy to reward small steps. b. Scold him when he doesn't dress himself or tidy his room. c. Explain to him why keeping his room tidy is important. d. Tell him that he will not be allowed to go to see the ponies this weekend unless he cleans his room. e. Ignore the bad behavior and use extinction as a remedy. - ANSWER-A. In a token economy, a person earns tokens for appropriate behavior and can accumulate and later exchange the tokens for privileges or goods. Family therapy is based on the belief that a. maladaptive behavior is learned in early childhood. b. group therapy is superior to individual therapy. c. the family plays a key role in producing maladaptive behavior. d. the family should determine what direction therapy takes. e. an unresolved Oedipus complex causes most psychological problems. - ANSWER-C. Family therapy assumes that because interactions among family members are often the cause of an individual's maladaptive behavior, and because they may be symptomatic of a larger problem rooted in the dynamics of the family, the therapy should require the participation of the entire family unit. Antipsychotic drugs are also called a. antidepressants. b. amphetamines. c. minor tranquilizers. d. major tranquilizers. e. stimulants. - ANSWER-D Community mental health centers were designed to a. train individuals in the community to give mental health care. b. screen mental patients to determine which patients should be hospitalized. c. assess mental patients to determine which patients should be deinstitutionalized. d. provide outpatient therapy for those who need some supervision but can live at home. e. provide a residential facility for inpatient care as an alternative to mental hospitals. - ANSWER-D Eric thinks of all athletes as being strong and fast, weak in academics, and insensitive to others. This is an example of a. discrimination. b. an attribution. c. negative referencing. d. a stereotype. e. scapegoating. - ANSWER-D. A stereotype is an attitude that disregards individual differences and holds that all members of a certain group behave in the same manner. John is trying to persuade his listener that the schools in his state need an influx of new money. He will be better able to convince his listener if he a. takes a position from which he stands to gain. b. argues against his own self-interest. c. is employed as a teacher. d. speaks slowly and deliberately. e. takes a position that differs markedly from the position of the audience. - ANSWER-B. People who speak against their own self-interest are often seen not only as having nothing to personally gain from their position, but also as actually having something to lose personally. Therefore, their argument seems particularly compelling and they are often highly persuasive. When people engage in a particular behavior because an authority figure has commanded them to do it, they are displaying what is MOST accurately termed a. group cohesiveness. b. obedience. c. conformity. d. compliance. e. cognitive dissonance. - ANSWER-B. Obedience is defined as compliance with an explicit order, usually from an authority figure. Research on the bystander effect has shown that a. curiosity causes crowds to gather at the scene of serious accidents. b. an individual bystander is less likely to help someone if other bystanders are present. c. an individual bystander is more likely to help someone if other bystanders are present. d. an individual bystander will help someone only if he or she is in a good mood. e. bystanders are often callous, uncaring, and apathetic. - ANSWER-B. When many people are present, people often fail to act because of diffusion of responsibility - everyone assumes that someone else will help. The victim's best chance for receiving help is when only one other person is present. A graphic representation of human characteristics generally results in a a. sine-arc curve. b. parabola. c. straight line. d. normal distribution. e. leptokurtic distribution. - ANSWER-D. In a normal distribution, or bell-shaped curve, the majority of scores fall in the middle and relatively few scores fall at each end of the curve. Which of the following represents the strongest correlation? a. +0.10 b. -0.70 c. +0.55 d. -0.42 e. -0.10 - ANSWER-B. The further from zero in either direction (positive or negative), the stronger the correlation. A correlation coefficient is a measure of a. cause and effect. b. the relationship, if any, between two variables. c. human physical characteristics. d. the normal curve of distribution. e. an explanation of why two things are related. - ANSWER-The correct answer is B. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the degree to which two variables are related. Which of the following is the philosophical approach to studying human behavior that emphasizes the purpose or usefulness of behavior? a. Structuralism b. Behaviorism c. Functionalism - ANSWER-Functionalism Which of the following approaches is used by psychologist who studies depression by examining levels of a certain neurotransmitter in the brains of depressed and non-depressed people? - ANSWER-Biological Which of the following approaches is used by a psychologist who emphasizes the power of rewards and punishment to influence behavior? - ANSWER-Behavioral A researcher wants to know whether failure at a task causes aggression. As part of her study, some subjects are told they have failed at a task, whereas others are told they have succeeded. Failing or not failing the task would be... - ANSWER-the independent variable A researcher sits at a table in a restaurant all day and records what customers in adjoining booths are saying and doing. What type of research is this? - ANSWER-Naturalistic observation Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? - ANSWER--.81 Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control group ensures that... - ANSWER-prior to the experimental manipulation, the two groups of subjects would be equivalent with respect to the dependent variable. "Nature" is to "nurture" as ____ is to ____ - ANSWER-"genetics" is to "enviromnent" Which of the following areas of the brain, located at the top of the spinal cord, regulates breathing, waking, and heartbeat? - ANSWER-Medulla The simplest cell of the nervous system is a... - ANSWER-Neuron which of the following greatly speeds up the transmission of signals through a neuron? - ANSWER-A myelin sheath The period during which the neuron cannot fire is described as which of the following? - ANSWER-Absolute refractory period The somatic Nervous system is part of the.... - ANSWER-peripheral nervous system The site in the auditory cortex located where acoustical codes are decoded and interpreted is known as... - ANSWER-Wernicke's area Which chemicals are responsible for the "runner's high" and important for controlling pleasure/pain properties? - ANSWER-Endorphins Neurons stimulate nearby glands, muscles, or other neurons through chemicals released from their... - ANSWER-terminal buttons The reticular formation... - ANSWER-helps control arousal The nervous system's ability to detect and encode energy from stimuli is called... - ANSWER-sensation The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus half of the time it's presented is called.. - ANSWER-the absolute threshold Tina has a box of CD's that's twice as heavy as Gary's. Tina's box would have to have eight more CDs in it before it would feel heavier, whereas Gary's would have to have only four more CDs in it in order for it to feel heavier. This illustrates.... - ANSWER-Weber's Law By which process is stimulus energy converted into neural messages? - ANSWER-Transduction Which type of cell allows us to distinguish different wavelengths of light? - ANSWER-Cones Which of the following is a binocular cue for perceiving distance? - ANSWER-Convergence The fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther away is referred to as... - ANSWER-linear perspective When a series of lights on a movie marquee are turned on and off, one after the other, in succession, it appears that a single light is moving around the marquee. This illustrates... - ANSWER-the phi phenomemon A circadian rhythm is - ANSWER-any pattern of biological functioning that happens over (roughly) a 24-hour cycle. If someone is awake, has his or her eyes closed, and is in a relaxed state, an EEG would most likely indicate the presence of... - ANSWER-Alpha Waves During which stage of sleep are hynogogic sensations most likely to occur? - ANSWER-Stage 1 Among humans, the sleep cycle repeats itself every... - ANSWER-90 minutes Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder involving... - ANSWER-uncontrollable attacks of intense sleepiness The idea that the behavior of people who are hypnotized is controlled by normal, conscious processes is part of the theory that says hypnosis entails... - ANSWER-role playing Which of the following is involved in classical conditioning and operant conditioning, respectively? - ANSWER-stimulus-stimulus pairings..stimulus-response pairings Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her.||What type of learning does this illustrate? - ANSWER-Classical Conditioning Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her.||In this example, cat fur would be a... - ANSWER-Unconditioned stimulus Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her.||In this example, sneezing would be... - ANSWER-both an unconditioned and a conditioned response Wally is allergic to cat fur and it makes him sneeze violently. Anita has a lot of cats and her clothes often have cat fur on them. After three dates with Anita, Wally has begun to sneeze violently as soon as he sees her.||If, after the learning took place, Anita began to show up at Wally's without cat fur on her clothes, Wally's learned response would.... - ANSWER-Extinguish Bob gets a dollar for every magazine subscription he sells. What type of operant-conditioning consequence is maintaining Bob's selling? - ANSWER-Positive reinforcement Lori has a glass of wine when she comes home every night because it relieves her unpleasant feelings of stress. Which operant-conditioning technique is maintaining Lori's drinking? - ANSWER-Negative reinforcement Jeff won money in the state lottery after buying five tickets, then after buying six more tickets, then four more tickets (that is, after every fifth ticket, on average). Which reinforcement schedule maintains Jeff's tick