STSC 212 Final Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass

STSC 212 Final Exam Questions and Answers 100% Pass Standpoint Epistemology - Correct Answer ️️ -A way of looking at history that developed from feminist criticisms regarding women's absence from/marginalized position in knowledge systems. This method emphasized the experience of events from different perspectives, and that truth is shaped by a person's position in society. Specifically in military technological systems, this calls attention to the many different perspectives from which technologies (like the atomic bomb) can be interpreted and experienced. Military Industrial Complex - Correct Answer ️️ -The convergence/alliance between the military and the defense industry (the rest of society) that supplies it that as a single entity influence public policy. Truly emerged after WWII during the militarization of science/tech/industry during the Cold War, and the term gained popularity after President Eisenhower used it in his farewell address. Black Boxing - Correct Answer ️️ -The idea that scientific and military history can be viewed from the outside/in terms of its inputs and outputs without any knowledge of how it works. It suggests that while we might know how to use an innovation, we do not understand the process/its implementation. Also argues that scientific/technical work is "made invisible by its own success," since when a machine runs efficiently, one no longer needs to focus on its inputs/outputs and not its internal complexity. This leads to the paradox that the more science/tech succeeds, the more opaque/obscure/"black" they become. Hegemonic Power - Correct Answer ️️ -The internalized and normalized power/ set of meanings/values which as they are experienced appear reciprocally conforming functions through individual action, commitment and identity. Those who are subjected to it are those who internalize it, and thus creates a social structure/reality in which we self-regulate. (Requirement is state hegemony too, i.e. USA) Teleology - Correct Answer ️️ -A general approach to determinism not limited to technology. Aristotle proposed that we live in a static world and life is made for a single purpose, and that every thing is defined by their purpose alone, as in they have a specific outcome that they always tend to. Technical Distancing - Correct Answer ️️ -The means by which technology permits acts that would not otherwise happen in close proximity. Allows for a disaffiliation between offense and victim. Fascism - Correct Answer ️️ -An authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. Characteristics of such regimes include heightened nationalism, human rights abuses, scapegoats as unifying cause, military funding privileged over domestic needs, control of Mass Media, fear-based social control etc. They are considered to be situations in which there are "poor choices" leading to possible adioaphoria (esp. on the part of scientists such as Nazi Germany and Ping Fan). Joseph Rotblat claimed that "under fascism truth cannot exist" suggesting that pure/true science (being equal to truth) is not possible in fascist environments. Garrison State - Correct Answer ️️ -Harold Lasswell first coined this term in 1941. This is the developmental construct that argues that there is a political-military elite in the modern state, of which "specialists on violence are the most powerful group in society." In terms of technical experts (scientists), this mean permanent militarization, mobilization, and the establishment of militarized disciplines now funded by the state. Consumption Junction - Correct Answer ️️ -A methodology developed by Cohen that starts with an analysis of the (involuntary) consumers (of military technology and weapons) and draws out the network/web from there. This illuminates the power relationships that other producer and laboratory oriented methodologies cannot. Ex. in the context of the atomic bomb, if you think about the victims as the consumers you get a different perspective than if you look at the developers as the consumers. Sociotechnical System - Correct Answer ️️ -This refers to the merging of training and technology (i.e. people+tech+rules), and when the integration of human action/the human component and technology become inseparable as they "work" in conjunction to achieve a certain goal. A good example is the utilization of drill/Maurician training methods in 16th/17th century European armies in order to compensate for flaws in the weaknesses of the guns at the time. Technological Momentum - Correct Answer ️️ -The theory that systems gain momentum as they are implemented and succeed in their "goal-orientation." It refers to the general property of systems that reach and maintain some "lock-in" that produces predictable interaction and eventually resist change. In other words, when technology becomes so successful that it becomes so integrated within a society that it cannot be "stopped." Technological Choice - Correct Answer ️️ -The idea that technologies mean different things in different places. It demonstrates that in any society, choices of whether to adopt or reject a certain technological innovation results from cultural