STSC Final Exam Review Questions and Answers 100% Pass

STSC Final Exam Review Questions and Answers 100% Pass Standpoint Epistemology - Correct Answer ️️ -"What is true depends on where you are standing" An individual's own perspectives are shaped by their social and political experiences. Developed from feminist theory that women's perspective must be kept in mind. All of the science-making process involved perspectives of men -- female absence from knowledge systems Military Industrial Complex - Correct Answer ️️ -The relationship between the government entities involved in military affairs and the defense industry. Private industry fueling military. This is seen as a threat to science, as in a military industrial complex, the government contracts science institutions to further military research. "Pure" science is clouded by military science. Power of money to influence science OSRD in WWII Comes from Eisenhower farewell speech in 1961 Black Boxing - Correct Answer ️️ -When examining a concept or an event, a failure to look at a certain aspect of the event and instead accepting it as a passive tenet. EX: fire storm - calculating effects of atomic bomb without accounting for the fires. U.S. used cities to determine scope of its Cold War nuclear arsenal, but left out calculation of burn damage EX: examining only the survivors EX: Manhattan Project Hegemonic Power - Correct Answer ️️ -Power given to a dominant nation (hegemon) that influences social, political, and economic conditions of other countries. "Internalized norms" EX: Americans are "ok" with drone strike bc of US hegemonic power Gender norms EX: The US (along w USSR) was a hegemonic power after WWII. The US used its hegemonic power to use military industrialized complex to influence other countries Internalization of existing power norms performed by that power's subjects Teleology - Correct Answer ️️ -A purpose that a particular object is created for. A bomb is created to destroy Philosophical study of nature that describes things based on their apparent purpose Technical Distancing - Correct Answer ️️ -Measuring physical distance from bomb target from warplane "Making decisions from above" Industrialized logic of strategic airfare (WWII) Distance network of culpability from effect on victims For example, line of thought like "I didn't make the bomb or choose to use it - I just flew the plane that dropped it" Drones Fascism - Correct Answer ️️ -An ideology that a totalitarian one-party state (usually under a dictator) is necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties. Tenets: nationalism, disdain for human rights, military-focus, control of mass media, intellectualism seen as a threat, misogyny, racism Examples: Italy and Germany during WWII. Fascism deteriorated when the Allies won during WWII Garrison State - Correct Answer ️️ -A proposed future state where those who specialize in violence are the most powerful members of society. In this case, rise of the power of scientists who are involved in military science. 1941, sociologist Harold Lasswell: specialists in violence are most powerful group in society Consumption Junction - Correct Answer ️️ -Illuminates power relationships between the "consumer" and technology In relation to the atomic bomb, the consumption junction refers to the method of looking at those affected by the atomic bomb (its consumers) Starts analysis with users of technological systems and draws network from there out Sociotechnical System - Correct Answer ️️ -Developed by Gribeauval in the 1700s System that recognizes the relationship between the human and technology Material and human consensus agreement Examples: Guns standardized and simplified Carts were improved to handle rough terrains Horses aligned side by side Technological Momentum - Correct Answer ️️ -Technology is not infinitely malleable. As a technology comes to light, society is able to control the technology. However, as the technological development rapidly expands, there is a certain point where the technology becomes enmeshed into society and no longer is responsive to outside pressures. Some people believe in social determinism, some tech determinism.....tech momentum is a combination of the two Thomas Hughes Systems gain momentum as they are implemented and succeed in their "goal- orientation." Technological momentum refers to the general property of systems that reach and maintain some "lock-in" that produces predictable interaction. Large systems, he suggests, eventually resist change. Technological Choice - Correct Answer ️️ -There is a role for users in the advancement of technology Focus on the consumers of technology Example: gun technology took different forms in different places. Used in Africa as currency to buy slaves, used by Native Americans to ambush (Malone reading) Compartmentalization - Correct Answer ️️ -A defense mechanis