Psych 282- Ch 9: Shaping Questions And Answers Graded A+

what is Differential Reinforcement? - one particular behaviour is reinforced whereas all others are not What are successive approximations? - when each consecutive behaviour resembles the target behaviour more closely in a series of shaping events what happens when a behaviour is extinguished? - -extinction burst and novel behaviours -the novel behaviour most similar to the target behaviour is reinforced what happens if shaping steps advance too quickly? - the behaviour deteriorates, and returns to the previous approximation what happens if the gaps between approximations is too small? - shaping will become time consuming (and expensive) and the person can become bored what is quantitative shaping? - -setting the criteria to increase/decrease a dimension of an existing behaviour -frequency, duration, latency, magnitude what is qualitative shaping? - -the degree to which successive intervals resemble the target behaviour what is qualitative shaping also known as? - topographic shaping what are some applications of shaping? - -physical therapy and exercise -appropriate classroom behaviours -animal trainingWhat is step 1. of Shaping? - define target/terminal behaviour precisely what is step 2. of Shaping? - determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure -if a person never exhibits the target behaviour -if you cannot tell the person to perform the target behaviour what is step 3. of Shaping? - Identify the starting behaviour -this should already be demonstrated by the individual what is step 4. of Shaping? - Choose the shaping steps and approximations what is step 5. of Shaping? - Decide what reinforcer to apply -eg: food can lead to satiation, money cannot what is step 6. of Shaping? - Apply reinforcement to successive approximations (and apply extinction to previous approximations) what is step 7. of Shaping? - Proceed through shaping steps at appropriate pace how are children's tantrums shaped? - - in infancy, crying is reinforced -in early childhood, children learn mands, if the parents don't comply, children become frustrated and complain -behaviour may elevate to screaming, which is aversive to the parents and embarrassing in public -parents "give in", providing attention or treat, which reinforces the tantrum - this inadvertent shaping can increase the frequency and magnitude of tanturms what are Mands? - phrases to request desired stimul