Psych 282 - Behavior Modification Final Exam Questions And Answers With Verified Tests 100% Correct Answers

operant extinction - The reinforcer supporting the behavior is no longer given. Response weakens or decreases gradually. negative punishment - A reinforcer is removed or withdrawn (appetitive stimulus is removed which decreases or eliminates the target behavior). Can be used through time-out or response cost Time-out - contingent removal of access to reinforcers. response weakens or decreases rapidly Response Cost - A reinforcer is taken away from the person; contingent loss of a reinforcer currently possessed. Response weakens or decreases rapidly. Can be implemented with tokens or other conditioned reinforcers or privileges. Severity of the punishment does not necessarily produce a greater effect; even modest punishment may be effective May be more effective than DRO over the long run types of time-out - Non exclusionary time out: after an undesirable behavior, person remains in the same room or location as the time-in, but is denied access to reinforcers. Exclusionary time-out: following an undesirable behavior person is moved to a different part of the room or is moved to a different location altogether and is denied access to reinforcers. Time-out rooms: type of isolation time out; intended to help a person calm down but are often misused to lock away misbehaving ngent observation - part of a non exclusionary time-out, but makes it more salient. Person is denied access to reinforcers, and must observe others engaging in desirable activities. Time-out issues - 1. Time out decreases undesirable behaviours, but desirable behaviours should also be encouraged 2. consider the reinforcer: time-out does not work with negative reinforcement (escape) or automatic reinforcement (self stimulation0 also, ensure the time-in provides reinforcers 3. practical concerns: space for exclusionary time out, can person be physically. moved, is it safe, etc. 4. consider duration of time-out period: use shortest duration that is still effective 5. prevent escape from time out 6. consider if it is appropriate to use with vulnerable populations Contingent delay (release contingency) - time-out does not end if behavior has not ceased during the time-out period, this prevents escape from time-out from serving as negative reinforcement response cost examples - paying a fine for parking illegally, eliminating food stealing/scavenging for. non food items, increased completion of math problems by reducing off task behavior, etc. Response Cost Issues - 1. consider the reinforcer: what will be withdrawn, how much, and for how long 2. when to withdraw the reinforcer: immediately, or after a delay? For those with intellectual impairment, remove reinforcer immediately; if using a delay, inform people immediately 3. practical issues: if reinforcer cannot be physically taken away, use tokens or points system instead 4. ensure contingencies are explained in advance: person may avoid the situation or become aggressive 5. determine whether it is acceptable for vulnerable populations or at the given institution positive punishment - includes applying aversive activities or aversive stimuli Applying aversive activities - involves low probability behavior that the person does not enjoy doing. Acts as a punisher if it follows a behavior and decreases it.Kinds of Aversive Activities (4 main w/subtypes) - Overcorrection: person has to perform effortful, low probability behaviours contingent on the problem behavior. Involves positive practice, negative practice, and restitution. Contingent exercise: after a problem behavior, a person must perform exercise, usually not related to the problem behavior Guided compliance: after a problem behavior, person is physically guided to complete a requested behaviour Physical restraint: after a problem behavior, the part of a persons body that performed the behavior is immobilized. Involves response blocking and response interruption/redirection (RIR) 3 Types of Overcorrection in Applying Aversive Activities - Positive Practice: after a problem behavior, person must correctly perform an opposite or appropriate behavior repeatedly Negative Practice: after a problem behavior, person must perform the undesirable behavior repeatedly Restitution: after problem behavior, person must correct the effects of the problem behavior and restore the environment, often to a condition better than it was before 2 Types of Physical Restraint in Applying Aversive Activities - Response Blocking: behavior analyst physically prevents the person from carrying out or completing the problem behavior Response Interruption/Redirection: combines response blocking and differential reinforcement. After a response is blocked, person is prompted to engage in a competing response using a least to most prompting hierarchy . Used as treatment for automatically reinforcing behaviours.