NSG 5003 Questions and Answers_Latest UPDATE 2024/2025,100% CORRECT BEST EXAM SOLUTION RATED A+

Quiz 1 Question : Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? Student Answer: Potassium has a greater concentration in the ICF. Sodium has a greater concentration in the ECF. The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium. An excess of anions is inside the cell. Instructor Explanation: Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+, K+ can easily diffuse from its area of higher concentration in the ICF to its area of lower concentration in the ECF. Because Na+ and K+ are both cations, the net result is an excess of anions inside the cell, resulting in the resting membrane potential. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process that most easily diffuses K+. - MultipleChoice 27 False 0 - MultipleChoice 27 0 - MultipleChoice 56 Question 3 . Question : A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between: Student Answer: Intracellular and extracellular Na+ Intracellular and extracellular K+ Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+ Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+ Instructor Explanation: The ratio of K+ in the ICF to K+ in the ECF is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential, which is necessary for the transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, for the maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and for the skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. This is not true of the other options. - MultipleChoice 87 False 0 - MultipleChoice 87 0 - MultipleChoice 92 Question 5 . Question : What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? Student Answer: Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the Instructor Explanation: infrastructure. The most serious consequence of plasma membrane damage is, as in hypoxic injury, to the mitochondria. An influx of calcium ions from the extracellular compartment activates multiple enzyme systems, resulting in cytoskeleton disruption, membrane damage, activation of inflammation, and eventually DNA degradation. Calcium ion accumulation in the mitochondria causes the mitochondria to swell, which is an occurrence that is associated with irreversible cellular injury. The injured mitochondria can no longer generate ATP, but they do continue to accumulate calcium ions. The remaining options do not accurately describe the consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria. - MultipleChoice 42 False 0 - MultipleChoice 42 Question 6 . Question : Current research supports the belief that after heart muscle injury, the damage: Student Answer: Remains indefinitely because cardiac cells do not reproduce Is repaired by newly matured cardiomyocytes Gradually decreases in size as mitotic cell division occurs Is replaced by hypertrophy of remaining cells Instructor Explanation: The recent discovery that cardiac stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages has profoundly changed the understanding of myocardial biology; it is now believed that bone marrow– derived cardiac stem cells or progenitor cells that have the ability to mature into cardiomyocytes may populate the heart after injury. The other options do not accurately describe the process that is believed to occur to address cardiac muscle damage. Question 9 . Question : Free radicals cause cell damage by: Student Answer: Stealing the cell’s oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membrane Transferring one of their charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which causes lysis Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical Instructor Explanation: bonds of the cell membrane A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious chemical bonds with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. The remaining options do not accurately describe the role played by free radicals in cell damage.