Updated!!! ISSA Group Fitness Unit 1-12 Study Set [] Graded A+

Updated!!! ISSA Group Fitness Unit 1-12 Study Set [] Graded A+ The musculo-skeletal system is responsible for movement as well as our ability to maintain posture Bone Any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates. Epiphyseal plates The sites of new bone growth, separated from the main bone by cartilage during the growth period. This is a potential injury site to be avoided in prescribing exercise to prepubescent individuals. Collagen The most abundant type of protein in the body. It forms tough connective tissue, the scaffolding holding a muscle in place, which becomes the tendons that tie muscles to bones. Connective tissue literally holds the body together and includes skin, bones, ligaments, cartilage, and organs. Hydroxyapatite A complex phosphate of calcium that occurs as a mineral and is the chief structural element of vertebrate bone. Trabecular bone Light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces that give a honeycombed or spongy appearance. Bone marrow The soft tissue in the center of the bone Periosteum A connective tissue layer covering the outside surface of bone; it contains nerves and blood vessels. Joints junction between two or more bones Cartilaginous Joints similar to fibrous joints, except that the material binding the bones together is cartilage Joints that produce movement synovial joints Cartilage A firm, elastic, flexible, white material found at the ends of ribs, between vertebrae, at joint surfaces, and in the nose and ears. Synovial fluid A fluid that lubricates the smooth cartilage in joints. Ligaments The fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone, or bone to cartilage, to hold together and support joints. Tendon A band or cord of strong, fibrous (collagenous) tissue that connects muscles to bone. Bursa A cushioning sac filled with a lubricating fluid that alleviates friction where there is movement between muscles, between tendon and bone, or between bone and skin. Sprains A stretching or tearing of ligaments. First Degree Sprain This is the mildest type of sprain in which the ligaments are stretched but not torn. Second Degree Sprain This sprain does involve some tearing along with stretching of ligaments. Third Degree Sprain This is the most severe type of sprain, and the most severe orthopedic injury short of actually breaking a bone. Tendinopathy A disease of a tendon. More specifically, it can refer to tendinitis or tendinosis. Tendinitis Tendon injuries that involve larger-scale acute injuries accompanied by inflammation. Tendinosis Chronic tendon injury with damage to a tendon at a cellular level. Arthritis Inflammation of the joints which causes pain, stiffness, and limitation of the motion, which may be symptomatic of a systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Bursitis The inflammation of a bursa, sometimes with calcification in the underlying tendon. Macrotrauma A sudden injury from a major force. Macrotrauma can cause fractures, sprains of ligaments, muscle strains and bruises or contusions. Dislocation A joint dislocation, or luxation, occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint where two or more bones meet Subluxation A partial dislocation of a joint or misalignment of the vertebrae. Separation The division of something into constituent or distinct elements. Skeletal muscle Muscle that attaches to the skeletal system and causes body movement by a shortening or pulling action against its bony attachment. Agonist A muscle which directly engages in an action around a joint which has another muscle that can provide an opposing action (antagonist). Antagonist A muscle that can provide an opposing action to the action of another muscle (agonist) around a joint. knee joint is comprised of the femur, tibia, and patella. Two-joint muscles This means that from origin to insertion, the muscles cross two joints and thus can produce an action at both joints Functional Strength Refers to strength that is developed to enhance specific movements either in sport or everyday life. Ankle joint is made up of the tibia and talus bones soleus has similar functions to the gastrocnemius. The tibialis anterior is the main muscle on the anterior side of the shin and functions to flex the ankle and turn the sole of the foot inward gastrocnemius acts as the major ankle extensor muscle of the shin,allows for what action allows you to point your toe high ankle sprain is one in which there is damage to the syndesmotic ligament, the ligament that attaches the tibia and fibula just above the ankle Achilles tendon Tendon of the calf muscle that attaches to the heel. plantar fasciitis A painful condition caused by inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick fibrous band originating on the bottom surface of the calcaneus (heel bone) and extending along the sole of the foot towards the five toes. Herniation The protrusion of an organ or part through connective tissue or through a wall of the cavity in which it is normally enclosed. Sciatica Pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the leg. It is caused by injury to or compression of the sciatic nerve. The shoulder girdle is made up of the clavicle and scapula Frozen Shoulder Syndrome, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition which causes pain and severely limited mobility, both active and passive, of the glenohumeral joint. Common ligament injuries to the knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the medial collateral ligament (MCL), and less commonly, the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) functional strength Refers to strength that is developed to enhance specific movements either in sport or everyday life. The ends of the humerus and ulna bones make up the elbow joint. The radioulnar joint is a combination of three joints located at The wrist, elbow, and in between the ulna and radius bones. muscles of the radioulnar joint act as stabilizers and produce either prona