Histotechnology Final 1st Quarter exam fully solved & updated.

T/F To be characterized as a profession, considerable specialized training must be required. - ANSWER-T Histology is the study of - ANSWER-tissue T/F The purpose of having a procedure for specimen receipt is to monitor the specimen and the accompanying paperwork. - ANSWER-T T/F Accessioning is giving a specimen a common number, one that is not unique to the patient. - ANSWER-f T/F The tasks performed by the histotechnologist require patience, mechanical ability, knowledge of biology, immunology, molecular biology, anatomy and chemistry. - ANSWER-T According to the NSH Article: WHAT IS HISTOTECHNOLOGY?, list the 5 basic steps of a histotechnologist's job: - ANSWER-a. Grossing & Fixation b. Processing c. Embedding d. Sectioning e. Staining Without specialized staining techniques, many tissue components would remain invisible. - ANSWER-T List the 4 basic types of tissues - ANSWER-a. Epithelium b. Connective c. Muscle d. Nerve T/F Epithelium, muscle and nerve tissue types are not completely cellular. - ANSWER-F The prefix meaning 1/1000 is? - ANSWER-milli How many grams are in 1 kilogram? - ANSWER-1000 An English quart is roughly equivalent to? - ANSWER-1 L How many milligrams in one gram? - ANSWER-1000 The meter is roughly equivalent to the English: - ANSWER-YARD Another term for "atomic mass" is: - ANSWER-ATOMIC WEIGHT The metric prefix "micro", with the exponential notation of 10-6, denotes this decimal placement - ANSWER-.000001 Referring to the listing of atomic weights (in Sheehan pg. 348, or Appendix of Lecture Handout) for calculating, find the molecular weight of Na2SO4 - ANSWER-142 T/F Virchow brought modern experimental medicine into the day-to-day practice of physicians - ANSWER-T T/F Virchow's emphasis was on bone and skeletal mechanisms of disease - ANSWER-F T/F Virchow emphasized that the cell is really the ultimate morphological element in which there is any manifestation of life. - ANSWER-T T/F Proper and imprecise terminology was important to Virchow. - ANSWER-F T/F Virchow added the concept that cancer was an old growth or neoplastic process. - ANSWER-F 1 cm is equivalent to A. 10 micrometers B. 100 micrometers C. 1,000 micrometers D. 10,000 micrometers - ANSWER-D 1 microliter is equivalent to A. 0.1 milliliter B. 0.01 milliliter C. 0.001 milliliter D. 0.0001 milliliter - ANSWER-C 1 micron is equivalent to: A. one hundredth part of a centimeter B. one thousandth part of a centimeter C. one ten-thousandth part of a meter D. one millionth part of a meter - ANSWER-D 1 kilogram is equal to about : A. 7.2 pounds B. 4.54 pounds C. 2.2 pounds D. 2.7 pounds - ANSWER-C 1 cubic centimeter equals: A. 0.0001 liter B. 0.001 liter C. 0.01 liter D. 0.1 liter - ANSWER-B The three major categories of hazards in the histology laboratory are biological, mechanical (physical) and chemical. What category do these hazards fall in: a. Razors b. Xylene c. HIV, HCV, HBV d. Tissue Waste e. Ergonomics f. Benzene g. Tuberculosis Exposure h. Scalpel Blades i. NBF (Neutral Buffered Formalin) j. Microtome Blades k. Cryogenic Sprays l. Dyes m. Picric Acid (explosive!) n. Frayed Electrical Cords o. CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease) - ANSWER-A. MECHANICAL B. CHEMICAL C. BIOLOGICAL D. BIOLOGICAL E. MECHANICAL F. CHEMICAL G. BIOLOGICAL H. MECHANICAL I. CHEMICAL J. MECHANICAL K. BIOLOGICAL L. CHEMICAL M. CHEMICAL N. MECHANICAL O. BIOLOGICAL Which of the following are considered to be "Good Laboratory Practices"? (Check all that apply.) Shoes and socks are required in the lab. Keep unused, expired chemicals in a safe place. Replace hazardous chemicals with more hazardous chemicals. Do not chew gum in the lab. Long hair should be worn off the shoulders. Remove lab coat and wash hands before leaving the laboratory. Always add water to acid when diluting solutions. Mouth pipetting is not allowed in the lab. Do not apply cosmetics or lip balm while in the lab. All solutions that are prepared must be labeled properly. - ANSWER-Shoes and socks are required in the lab. Do not chew gum in the lab. Long hair should be worn off the shoulders. Remove lab coat and wash hands before leaving the laboratory. Mouth pipetting is not allowed in the lab. Do not apply cosmetics or lip balm while in the lab. All solutions that are prepared must be labeled properly. According to the NFPA "fire diamond", match the corresponding color to the hazard: Blue Red Yellow White - ANSWER-BLUE- HEALTH HAZARD RED=FIRE HAZARD YELLOW=REACTIVITY WHITE=SPECIAL HAZARDS T/F The "Right to Know Law" generally ensures that workers have the right to know the hazards they are exposed to. - ANSWER-T List one major requirement of the Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories Standard - ANSWER-CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN According to Carson, well fixed and processed tissue does not require as stringent protection as does fresh, unfixed tissue. Name three examples of appropriate protective equipment and clothing when working with fresh tissue? - ANSWER-GOWNS, GLOVES, MASKS What type of eye protection is required when working with formalin, according to the Formaldehyde Standard? (Be specific) - ANSWER-SPLASH PROOF GOGGLES One gallon of spilled chemical covers approximately this square footage of floor: - ANSWER-20 The approved method of disposal of pathologic biohazard waste is: - ANSWER-INCINERATION T/F Isopentane has a high flash point. - ANSWER-F The concentration of a hazardous substance to which an employee may be exposed all day, day after day, without adverse effects, is defined as: - ANSWER-PEL List two major reasons to reject a specimen that has been received in a histology laboratory for evaluation. - ANSWER-1. Specimen label did not have 2 unique identifiers. 2. Name on paperwork did not match container. T/F Sub-letters or -numbers are used to designate individual parts of surgical specimens. - ANSWER-T The shifting of electrons in the outer orbit of each atom that occurs when atoms combine to form new molecules is the basis for a: - ANSWER-CHEMICAL BOND A compound readily loses hydrogen ions, making it more chemically reactive, is: - ANSWER-ACID The process of combining acid and base until all donated H+ and OH- ions are combined is: - ANSWER-NEUTRALIZATION Convert the following: (Round to the nearest whole number) 75°C to °F= ___________°F - ANSWER-167 Convert the following: (Round to the nearest whole number) 70°F to °C= _________°C - ANSWER-21 What is the benefit of having a computer-generated accession log over a handwritten one? - ANSWER-COMPUTERS HAVE BUILT-IN CHECK SYSTEM CAP and NFPA define the maximum working volume (gallons) of flammable liquids (Class I, II, and III) allowed per 100 ft2 outside a storage cabinet as: - ANSWER-1 A Silver nitrate falls into which of the following hazard classifications? - ANSWER-CHEMICAL The right yellow diamond in the NFPA chemical hazard label provides information on which of the following? - ANSWER-REACTIVITY Cryogenic sprays pose little risk when used to freeze tissue in a cryostat. - ANSWER-F. Cryogenic sprays or procedures that create aerosols are very dangerous because they markedly increase the possibility of exposure to pathogenic organisms; cryogenic sprays should not be used in the frozen section area Formaldehyde is considered a: - ANSWER-POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN Which of the following describe prions? viruses fungi protozoa abnormal proteins - ANSWER-ABNORMAL PROTEINS Following monitoring, the time-weighted average (TWA) of formaldehyde is found to be 0.60 ppm. This means that - ANSWER-MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM MUST BE ESTABLISHED. Which of the following types of extinguishers should be used on a fire involving xylene - ANSWER-CLASS B Hydrochloric acid (approximately 6N) has been splashed on a small area of the left arm of a laboratory worker. The most appropriate action it to: - ANSWER-WASH THE ARM FOR 10 MINUTES WITH COLD WATER AND SOAP AND SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION. Which of the following is concerned with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)? - ANSWER-BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN STANDARD Monitoring of formaldehyde exposure shows the STEL to be 2.0 ppm. This means that: - ANSWER-any action depends on the time-weighted average (TWA) and action level Concentrated hydrochloric acid may NOT be disposed of in the sanitary sewer because it is classified as: - ANSWER-CORROSIVE T/F Because of a dramatic increase in tuberculosis in health care settings, a documented tuberculosis exposure control plan should be in place - ANSWER-T The amount of a chemical substance that when ingested is expected to cause the death of half of an experimental animal population is known as the: - ANSWER-LD50 A material safety data sheet (MSDS) on each chemical used in the laboratory must be available to all employees. - ANSWER-T In a hazard communication program, records of employee training must be kept for: - ANSWER-DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT PLUS 30 YEARS T/F In a hazard communication program, records of employee training must be kept for: - ANSWER-F. Prions are resisitant to formaldehyde fixation; they are susceptible to 1 N sodium hydroxide for 1 hour, concentrated formic acid for 1 hour, and 5% sodium hypochloric for 2 hours. The top red diamond in the NFPA chemical hazard label provides information on which of the following? - ANSWER-FLAMMIBILITY Class D fires are of marked concern in histopathology. - ANSWER-F. Class D fires involve combustible and reactive elements, such a metallic sodium, potassium, magnesium, and lithium. These are not used in histopathology The volume of liquid stored in a flammable storage cabinet is unregulated - ANSWER-F "A histology lab without a _____________ is a lab without quality control. - ANSWER-MICROSCOPE The three basic parts of a microtome are - ANSWER-a) object holder b) knife/blade holder c) advancement mechanism The two focus adjustments of a microscope are: - ANSWER-COARSE, FINE To find the total magnification, multiply the magnification of the ________ by that of the ______________ - ANSWER-oculars, objectives THE angle between the cutting facet of the blade presenting to the block and the surface of the block is the_________________ angle, usually 3-8° in paraffin microtomy. - ANSWER-CLEARANCE When hand-carrying a microscope, which two parts should be supported? - ANSWER-FOOT/BASE, STAND/ARM List the three basic parts of the embedding center. - ANSWER-a) paraffin dispenser b) thermal unit c) cryo-console How is a pH meter calibrated? How often should the calibration be done? - ANSWER-Buffers above, at and below expected pH of the solution should be used. It should be calibrated each time before use. If there is venetian blind pattern in the section, a possible remedy is to: - ANSWER-SOAK IN WATER TO SOFTEN To decrease the effect of static electricity: - ANSWER-GROUND THE MICROTOME To remedy crooked ribbon formation: - ANSWER-. Trim horizontal block edges parallel A scratching noise during sectioning can be caused by: - ANSWER-TISSUE TOO HARD OR CALCIFIED Contaminants on slides are usually picked up: - ANSWER-Contaminants can be picked up from the dip and dunk strainers through the staining solution or from dirty waterbath This type of microtome is used for routine paraffin sectioning: - ANSWER-ROTARY Disposable microtome blades should be discarded: - ANSWER-IN A SEPARATE SHARPS CONTAINER Routine paraffin sections are cut at what micrometer (micron, μm) setting? - ANSWER-4-5 µm Sections that vary in thickness or are skipped can be caused by: - ANSWER-LOOSE SCREWS The temperature of the flotation bath should be how many degrees lower than the melting point of the paraffin used for embedding? - ANSWER-B. 5° to 10°C One cause of sections being lifted from the knife on the upstroke is that the: - ANSWER-KNIFE TILT IS INCORRECT Which of the following problems will be seen in paraffin sections that are floated on a water bath that is too cool? - ANSWER-FOLDS One cause of sections sticking to each other or to parts of the microtome is: - ANSWER-STATIC ELECTRICITY Which of the following can be used to soften the exposed face of paraffin embedded tissue that is too difficult to section, such as uterus? - ANSWER-GLYCERIN Which of the following biopsies should be sectioned at 2-3 µm? - ANSWER-KIDNEY Tissue sections with straight lines that appear to run at different angles through the tissue are probably due to: - ANSWER-QUICK FREEZE SPRAY As the block face is trimmed, the knife digs into the tissue and gouges out a chunk. The most probable cause is: - ANSWER-TISSUE IS LOOSE IN THE BLOCK In relation to the melting point of the wax, the temperature of the drying oven should be set at - ANSWER-JUST ABOVE THE MELTING POINT OF THE WAX The technique where, after the block is trimmed, sections are cut and picked up, and then more of the block is trimmed away, and more sections are cut and picked up, is called: - ANSWER-LEVELS Aerosol freezing sprays cause mushy tissues. - ANSWER-FALSE Increasing humidity in the lab decreases the static electricity in the air. - ANSWER-T The amount of a substance that will dissolve in another substance refers to that substance's - ANSWER-SOLUBILITY Two of the factors that increase the rate of solubility are heat and pulverization. Which of the following is the third factor? - ANSWER-STIRRING One hundred milliliters of a 1:100 solution contains one part of the original concentration and _____ parts of the additional solvent. - ANSWER-99 Calculate the amount of solute needed. Don't forget to indicate grams or mL. 1000 mL of 15% sodium thiosulfate - ANSWER-150 GRAMS Calculate the amount of solute needed. Don't forget to indicate grams or mL. 500 mL of 0.55% potassium chloride - ANSWER-2.75 GRAMS Calculate the amount of solute needed. Don't forget to indicate grams or mL. 300 mL 10% sodium chloride - ANSWER-30 GRAMS When using paraffin with a melting point of 55°C to 57°C, the most common temperature for floating sections on a flotation bath is approximately: - ANSWER-45°C to 50°C During cryotomy, sections of varying thickness are obtained. This can most likely be corrected by: - ANSWER-increasing the blade tilt When checkingthe pH of a staining solution, the pH meter should be calibered using a standard solution with a pH value: - ANSWER-closest to that of the staining solution Dust collecting on the cooling coils of the cryostat may cause the motor to run more slowly - ANSWER-f. causes the motor to overheat. it does not effect speed The breakdown of tissue by bacterial action is - ANSWER-putrefaction The reaction of aldehyde-containing fixatives on tissues forms - ANSWER-crosslinks fixatives chemically combine with the tissues. - ANSWER-additives fixatives act by creating a gel that makes penetration by the subsequent solutions difficult. - ANSWER-noncoagulant fixatives allow the solutions to penetrate or gain entry into the interior of the tissue. - ANSWER-coagulant Autolysis of tissue is caused by - ANSWER-enzymatic activity How does the thickness and density of the tissue specimen relate to the effectiveness of fixation of that tissue? - ANSWER-penetration is slow in dense or thick tissue A physical agent used for fixation is - ANSWER-heat or dessication Of the following, which is not a function of fixation? To render cell constituents soluble To bring out refraction index differences in tissue To Harden or affect tissue so it will not be altered by subsequent processing To arrest autolysis - ANSWER-to render cell constituents soluble A characteristic of a poor fixative is one that Does not shrink or swell tissue Renders enzymes inactive Penetrates tissue slowly Does not distort or dissolve tissue parts - ANSWER-penetrates slowly Commercial stock formaldehyde solutions contain - ANSWER-37-40% formaldehyde All of the following are advantages of formalin except It preserves lipids It is excellent for CNS tissue It is compatible with most staining methods It does not sufficiently harden tissue - ANSWER-it does not sufficiently harden tissue For good fixation of specimens for electron microscopy, it is recommended that the tissue be no larger than - ANSWER-1 mm cube For all histochemical, and the majority of histological techniques, it is necessary to bring the pH of formalin to neutral because - ANSWER-formic acid is formed in formaldehyde To prevent polymerization of formaldehyde, which of the following is added to the commercial stock solutions? - ANSWER-paraformaldehyde The purpose of fixation is to kill and harden the tissue quickly, thus keeping the cells as near to their normal state as possible. - ANSWER-t Packing cassettes tightly will help with complete fixation. - ANSWER-f Glutaraldehyde is an acceptable fixative to use in preparation of a PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) Stain. - ANSWER-f A solution that resists change in pH is called a buffer. - ANSWER-t Calculate and label amounts of each solute and solvent needed to prepare the following reagents: (See notes on how to write the properly labeled final answer) 1000 mL of 80% alcohol from a 95% stock solution: - ANSWER-842 mL of 95% alcohol + 158 mL of DH2O Calculate and label amounts of each solute and solvent needed to prepare the following reagents: (See notes on how to write the properly labeled final answer) 500 mL of 10% ferric chloride from a 30% stock solution: - ANSWER-167 mL of FeCl + 333 mL of DH2O Calculate and label amounts of each solute and solvent needed to prepare the following reagents: (See notes on how to write the properly labeled final answer) How many mL of 5% periodic acid solution are needed to make 100 mL of a 1% solution? - ANSWER-20 mL of 5% periodic acid Which of the following tissue changes will occur if acetic acid is used alone as a fixative? - ANSWER-acetic acid What is one main advantage of combining alcohol with formalin for fixation: - ANSWER-fix and dehydrate at the same time What is the most widely used replacement for mercury in histologic fixatives? - ANSWER-zinc What is the common detrimental effect of non-aqueous fixatives? - ANSWER-extreme shrinkage, hardening and distortion with alcohol and acetone When alcohol is used as the primary fixative, one should expect: - ANSWER-excessive tissue shrinkage Substitution of alcohol as the diluting solution for formaldehyde results in: - ANSWER-better preservation of glycogen Zinc salts are added to: - ANSWER-provide superior nuclear detail Mercuric chloride is not used alone as a fixative because: - ANSWER-it penetrates slowly and causes extreme shrinkage Carnoy's fluid is prepared with acetic acid, alcohol, and : - ANSWER-chloroform Carnoy's fluid is not recommended for the preservation of: - ANSWER-acid fast bacilli Which of the four artifact pigments are preventable? Outline the prevention step(s) for each of the preventable pigment. - ANSWER-Formalin and chrome pigment are preventable. Formalin- preventable by maintaining a solution of pH near 7 and using the appropriate volume ratio of fixative solution. Chrome- preventable by prolonged washing in running water before processing. What is the primary reason for post-fixing EM specimens in OsO4? - ANSWER-Preserves lipids, cell membranes become electron dense. Which fixative could lead to eventual distortion or obliteration of almost all cellular structures if not removed? - ANSWER-picric acid Following fixation by alcoholic fixatives, the tissues must be subjected to excessive washing. - ANSWER-f Tissue fixed with Carnoy's does not require washing before processing. - ANSWER-t Acetone causes extreme swelling, distortion, and over hardening, and it is recommended only for the preservation of special tissue components. - ANSWER-f Ethyl alcohol preserves most pigments, dissolves fat, and over hardens tissue - ANSWER-t Alcoholic formalin fixes tissue, begins dehydration, and preserves glycogen very well. - ANSWER-t When alcohol is combined with formalin, the shrinkage effect of the alcohol is maximized. - ANSWER-t What is the main reason for using combinations of two or more fixing agents in the same fixative solution? - ANSWER-counteract the negative effect of the another solution What purpose does the acetic acid serve in Bouin's? - ANSWER-counteract the shrinking of the picric acid Hollande's solution is a modification of Bouin's solution for fixation. What is the primary purpose of the copper acetate in Hollande's? - ANSWER-stabilize rbc membranes Good cytoplasmic fixatives can contain all of the following except: Chromic acid Potassium dichromate Glacial acetic acid Osmium tetroxide - ANSWER-glacial acetic acid Which of the following fixatives contains picric acid, formalin, and acetic acid? Zenker Helly Bouin Zamboni - ANSWER-Bouin Fresh, unfixed tissue can be held safely for a short time by: - ANSWER-wrapping in saline-moistened gauze and placing in the fridge Fixation is done by immersing the specimen in one of a number of appropriate chemical fluids, called fixing agents. Which of the following is not a fixative? Orth's solution Isopentane Bouin fluid Zenker's - ANSWER-isopentane A good fixative for central nervous system tissue to be stained with silver or gold techniques is: - ANSWER-formalin ammoniun bromide Fats are usually preserved best if the tissue is fixed in: - ANSWER-osmium tetroxide Bouin's fluid should not be used for which of the following? Small intestines Tissue intended for connection tissue stains, particularly trichromes Tissue to be stained by the Feulgen reaction Routine tissue sections - ANSWER-tissue intended for connective tissue stains particularly trichromes For the staining of chromaffin cells for diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, it is necessary to fix the tissue in: - ANSWER-primary chromative fixative Of the following, which fixative requires post-treated tissue for mercuric chloride pigment? Helly's Solution Muller's fluid Carnoy's solution Regaud's fluid - ANSWER-Helly's solution Which of the following fixatives will leave the tissue protein uncoagulated? Zenker Osmium tetroxide B-5 Zinc formalin - ANSWER-osmium tetroxide Paraffin embedded tissue, which had been fixed in Bouin solution, is pulled from the file after being stored for several years. New sections are cut and stained with H&E. No nuclear staining is noted on the new sections, although the original sections stained very well. The most likely explanation is that the: - ANSWER-picric acid was not removed sufficiently before blocking Artifact crystals from Zenker's cannot be removed from the tissue once they have been formed in the tissue. - ANSWER-f __________ tissue functions is to cover external surfaces, line internal surfaces, forms glands and and covers any surface that has contact with air. - ANSWER-epithelial What are the three main cell groups of epithelial cells? - ANSWER-squamous, cuboidal, and columnar __________ tissue's role is to protect, absorb, filtrate and secrete. - ANSWER-epithelial What type of epithelial cell has hair-like motile projections on the free surface of the cell? - ANSWER-ciliated cuboidal or columnar What type of epitheilial cell appears to be in multiple layers but all cell are in contact with the basement membrane? - ANSWER-pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar What type of epithelial cell is composed of cuboidal like cells but morphology changes as the elasticity of the cell is changed; found only in the urinary bladder. - ANSWER-transitional What type of epithelial cell represents down growth into the underlying connective tissue? - ANSWER-glandular The cells are attached to a/an _____________ at the interface with the underlying tissue. - ANSWER-basement membrane The area of the tissue that communicates with the surface or the lumen is known as the: - ANSWER-apical aspect Simple _________ epithelium has a single layer of flattened cells. - ANSWER-squamous Simple ________ epithelium have a single layer of cube shaped cells that secrete and transport in glands and filtrate in the kidneys. - ANSWER-cuboidal Simple ________ epithelium have elongated layer of cells with nuclei at the same level that absorb, protect and secrete in open cavities of the body and can contain microvillie and goblet cells. - ANSWER-columnar _______ epithelium have cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids - ANSWER-glandular ________ glands secrete substances into the body surface or cavity that have ducts such as salivary, mammary, pancreas and liver. - ANSWER-exocrine ________ glands secrete substances into the blood stream and do not have ducts. - ANSWER-endocrine _________ consists of multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighboring cells or extracellar matrix. - ANSWER-cell junctions What are the four types of connective tissue? - ANSWER-connective tissue proper, bone, cartilage and blood What are the two types of connective tissue proper? - ANSWER-loose and dense What are the three types of loose connective tissue? - ANSWER-areolar, adipose and reticular What are the three types of dense connective tissue? - ANSWER-regular, irregular and elastic What are the three types of cartilage? - ANSWER-hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage What are the 2 types of bone? - ANSWER-spongy and compact _______ connective tissue contain fibers that occupy the most space, has a much lower number of cells and ground substance and appears closely packed. - ANSWER-dense _______ connective tissue contains lots of ground substance, has fewer fibers and leaves lots of empty spaces. - ANSWER-loose ________ connective tissue has loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, some reticular fibers, scattered cells and highly vascular - ANSWER-areolar ________ connective tissue can be found underlying nearly all epithelia, surrounding bloods vessels, trachea, nerves, esophagus, mesenteries and visceral layers of pericardium and the pleura - ANSWER-areolar The functions of ________ connective tissue are: loosely bind epithelia to deeper tissues, allows passage of blood vessels and nerves through other tissues, provides an arena for immune defense and provide removal of waste - ANSWER-areolar Microscopic appearance of ________ connective tissue appears to be dominated by large empty looking cells with thin margins, nucleus pressed against the cell membrane, pale and often contain blood vessels. - ANSWER-adipose _______ connective tissue is located underneath the skin, breast, around the heart and cushioning organs. - ANSWER-adipose The function of ________ connective tissue is: energy storage, thermal insulation, shock absorption and protective cushioning of some organs. - ANSWER-adipose Microscopic appearance of __________ connective tissue is loose network of reticular fibers and cells, infiltrated with numerous white blood cells and often appears dark purple or black when stained with special stains. - ANSWER-reticular __________ connective tissue is located in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow. - ANSWER-reticular The function of __________ connective tissue is: forms scaffold-like framework for lymphatic organs - ANSWER-reticular __________ is the network of proteins and carbohydrates that surround the cell or fill extracellular space. - ANSWER-extracellular matrix What are the three types of connective tissue fibers? - ANSWER-collagen, reticulin and elastin The microscopic appearance of _________ fibers contain interwoven strands of protein, occur in bundles, varied thickness with great tensile strength, synthesized by fibroblasts and eosinophilic. - ANSWER-collagen The function of _______ fibers is strength, support and some elasticity. - ANSWER-collagen _______ fibers are produced by reticular cells and contain a thinner collagen coating with glycoprotiens. - ANSWER-reticular ________ fibers microscopic appearance has a loose network and often appear black or dark purple. They are located in lymphatic organs and crosslink to form a mesh to support soft tissue. - ANSWER-reticular _________ fibers appear as wavy parallel fibers under the microscope, are located in the skin, vessel walls and cartilage and stretch and return to original shape. - ANSWER-elastic The ________ is the body's primary communication and control system - ANSWER-nervous system The ______ nervous system consist of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. - ANSWER-structural The _______ consists of the brain and spinal cord - ANSWER-cns The ________ consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and ganlia. - ANSWER-pns ________ nerves extend from the brain. - ANSWER-cranial ______ nerves extend from the spinal cord - ANSWER-spinal _______ are clusters of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS. - ANSWER-ganglia ______ are neuron cell bodies. - ANSWER-somas The _______ nervous system consists of sensory afferent and motor efferent divisions. - ANSWER-functional _____________ receives sensory information from receptors and translates this information to the CNS. - ANSWER-sensory afferent division _________ translates motor impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands. - ANSWER-Motor efferent division _______ sensory receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, muscles and special senses. - ANSWER-somatic _______ sensory receives information from viscera - ANSWER-visceral _________ motor is the voluntary nervous system, innervates skeletal muscles. - ANSWER-somatic _______ motor is the involuntary nervous system: innervates cardiac muscles and smooth muscle glands. - ANSWER-autonomic Two types of nerve cells ________ and _________. - ANSWER-neuron; glial _______ cells are excitable and initiate and transmit nerve impulses - ANSWER-neurons _______ cells are nonexcitable and support and protect neurons. - ANSWER-glial A typical _______ contains axons, dendrites and cell body. - ANSWER-neuron Other names for nerve cell bodies are _____ and _______. - ANSWER-soma; perikaryon The _______ is responsible for receiving, integrating and sending nerve impulses. - ANSWER-Neuron's control center The ___________ consists of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus with prominent nucleolus, NIssil bodies, RER and free ribosomes. - ANSWER-nerve cell body ________ are short, small process that branch off the cell body and conduct impulses towards the cell body. - ANSWER-dendrites _______ are longer, larger cell process that extends from the nerve cell body and transmits impulses away from the cell body and toward another cell. - ANSWER-axon ________ consist of collaterals, telodendria and synaptic knobs. - ANSWER-axons