NURS 451 Quiz 1 Latest Questions With Passed Solutions!!

Abnormal Movements - AM Abnormal Thought Processes - ATP Abnormal Thought Content - ATC Other Terms - OT Echopraxia - The compulsive imitation of another's actions. When the patient does meaningless repetition or imitation of the movements of others as a symptom of psychiatric disorder. Example: You scratch your ear and observe the patient doing the same; no matter what you do, he mechanically continues to copy your actions. - AM Echolalia - The repetition of words spoken by another. When the client repeats pieces of what is said or entire phrases by him or herself or others. Example: Nurse asks, "How are you today?" Patient answers, "You today." Example: Patient states "I love smelling roses. I love smelling roses." - AM Waxy Flexibility - A tendency to remain immobile. A feature of catatonic motor behavior in which, when clients are placed in peculiar positions, they remain almost completely immobile in the same position for long stretches of time. Example: A schizophrenic man stands stock-still near his bed. When a psychiatrist lifts the man's arm, it remains in the exact same position for hours after she lets go. - AMPseudoparkinsonism - Extrapyramidal side effect of drugs that causes symptoms resembling parkinsonism such as tremor, masklike facies (an immobile expressionless face with staring eyes and slightly open mouth), drooling, rigidity (cogwheeling or hypertonia that is abnormally increased tonicity, as of skeletal muscles or the walls of arteries), stiff gait, and pill rolling. It is the result of dopamine blockade caused by certain psychiatric medications. Example: A patient taking the antipsychotic Haloperidol develops bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. - AM Akathisia - Sensations of restlessness, pacing, and an inability to sit still. A reversible extrapyramidal side effect; a motor restlessness perceived subjectively by the client and experienced as an urge to pace, a need to shift weight from one foot to the other, or an inability to sit or stand still (Word means inability to sit still) Example: Patient says, "My nerves are jumping! I feel like jumping out of my skin! I cannot sit still!" - AM Akinesia - The absence of movement; Opposite of akathisia. Example: Patient appears unconscious or asleep. - AM Dyskinesia - The presence of involuntary movements. Example: The patient taking an antipsychotic experiences involuntary lip smacking, tongue protrusions, rocking, and foot tapping. - AM Tangentiality - Occurs when a person digresses from the topic at hand and goes off on a tangent, stating an entirely new train of thought. Communication with only a slight or tenuous connection to the topic. Example: You want to know how I came here? I came here by a bus, but bussing is kissing. I wasn't kissing but if you keep it simple that is a business tenet for KISS. That was great group that played on and on but I'm not playing with you."- ATP Neologisms - Words or meanings are invented by the client. This can include multisyllabic, pseudo-scientific words, or simple words. Example: "The only problem I have is my frustionating!" - ATP Word Salad - An incoherent medley of words is emitted in conversation as if it was a sensible and articulate phrase. Example: It was shockingly not of the best quality I have known all such evildoers coming out of doors with the best of intentions!" - ATP Looseness of Association - Pattern of speech in which a person's ideas slip off track onto another unrelated or obliquely related topic; also known as derailment. Positive symptom of schizophrenia; Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next. Example: "I take a shot of Haldol every 4 weeks, it's not weak, it's strong and so is the pill twice a day. I don't care if it does me wonders or not, wonder bread, soviet. I'm taking it for the hell of it. Bread and comrad. Who cares if it helps me or not. I'm doing phenomenal." - ATP Flight of Ideas - Rapid speech that involves ideas that jump from topic to topic and may be loosely associated. Rapid, overly productive responses to questions that seem related only by chance associations between one sentence fragment and another; with this, you may hear rhyming, clang associations, punning, and evidence of distractibility. Example: A man starts talking about his business, but quickly shifts to discussing the economy, the government, and other countries. - ATP Circumstantiality - Occurs when the person goes into excessive detail about an even and has difficulty getting to the point of the conversation.When the client brings up minute details that are irrelevant or unimportant to the topic at hand; the patient's speech is cumbersome, convoluted, and has unnecessary detail in response to questions. Example: "You want to know how I came here? I came here on a blue and yellow bus with a lady bus driver. There were three teenage kids and a blind man with a seeing-eye dog on the bus. It didn't have to make a stop at the corner of Main and 9th." - ATP Preservation - The client maintains a particular idea regardless of the topic being discussed or attempts to change the subject; a pattern of repeating the same words or movements despite apparent efforts to make a new response. Example: Nurse: "It's time to discuss your blood pressure medication." Patient: I like chicken." Nurse: "You will be taking metoproplol." Patient: "I like chicken." - ATP Confabulation - The creation of imaginary events to fill in memory gaps. Memories invented to take the place of those the client cannot recall. Example: Nurse: "Where did you got to eat last night?" Patient: "McDonalds" (In reality, she ate at Red Lobster, but she couldn't remember). - ATP Clang Association - Words that rhyme or sound alike are distributed throughout conversations without necessarily making sense. Example: He went in entry in trying tying sighing dying ding-dong dangles dashing dancing ding-a-ling!" - ATP Depersonalization - The experience of unreality or detachment from the individual's mind, sense of self, and/or physical body. A feeling of strangeness or unreality about the self.Example: A woman awakens from a frightening dream and feels strangely unlike her usual self. When she gets up to wash her face, she gets the strange feeling that she is outside of her body, watching herself from the bathroom doorway. - ATP Derealization - The experience of unreality or detachment from the person's surroundings. A feeling of disconnection from the environment. Example: Sights and sounds may seem muted or unreal. - ATP Ideas of Reference - Delusions where one interprets innocuous events as highly personally significant. Strongly held ideas of reference can indicate a sign of mental illness (schizophrenia, for example). Example: A woman rarely leaves her house, because she experiences all conversation or laughter she hears as directed at herself. - ATP Magical Thinking - The belief that events can happen simply because one wishes them to. Example: A patient with Schizophrenia claims they can exert their will to make people take certain actions or make specific events occur, like winning the lottery. - ATP Paranoia - A pattern of pervasive mistrust of others, interpreting the motives of others as malevolent. Example: A patient reports that his neighbor is plotting against him or attempting to use/deceive him. He talks about disloyal friends and coworkers and the irreversible harm others' actions have caused. - ATP Auditory Hallucinations - Subjective sensory experiences that a patient HEARS that are not actually caused by external sensory stimuli. Example: A patient continually hears sirens or voices that are not occurring. - ATCOlfactory Hallucinations - Subjective sensory experiences that patient SMELLS that are not actually caused by external sensory stimuli. Example: A patient smells chocolate chip cookies baking and keeps asking for one. - ATC Tactile Hallucinations - Subjective sensory experiences that a patient TOUCHED that are not actually caused by external sensory stimuli. Example: The patient jumps up, whirls around, and looks confused. He explains that somebody just touched the back of his head, even though nobody else has been in the room with him for at least fifteen minutes. - ATC Gustatory Hallucinations - Subjective sensory experiences that a patient TASTES that are not actually caused by external sensory stimuli. Example: The patient complains that his food tastes rotten, although the flavor seems normal to everyone else at the table. - ATC Persecution Delusions - The individual thinks that harm is occurring, or is going to occur. The person thinks that others are following him, spying on him, trying to damage or take something of value like a reputation or trying to torment him. Example: "They have misters in my apartment that spray LSD onto me when I walk around." - ATC Grandeur Delusions - It is the fixed, false belief that one possesses superior qualities such as genius, fame, omnipotence, or wealth. It is most often a symptom of schizophrenia, but can also be a symptom found in psychotic or bipolar disorders, as well as dementia (such as Alzheimer's). Inflated sense of self-worth and abilities. Example: A woman with mania believes she is "extraordinarily wealthy and intelligent with a fully evolved value system."Example: "I am not who you think I am. I work midnights at all the top law firms, so I can get all their work done for them." - ATC Jealousy Delusions - It has well-known association with violence, especially as directed toward spouses. Usually between romantic partners; a patient is firmly convinced that her spouse is cheating on her despite contrary evidence or based on minimal data. Example: A wife believes her husband is cheating on her because she sees extra cigarettes in the ashtray. - ATC Religious Delusions - One group of researchers suggests that the more a belief (1) is unlikely or does not seem to have an explanation, (2) is strongly held, (3) is not shared by other people, (4) causes distress in the person, and (5) seems to take over the person's whole focus and perspective on life, the more likely it is to be a delusion. Preoccupied with religious subjects that are not within the expected beliefs for an individual's background, including culture, education, and known experiences of religion. These preoccupations are incongruous with the mood of the patient. - ATC Obsessions - Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that cause significant anxiety or distress. Insistent thoughts recognized as arising from the self. The patient usually regards them as absurd and relatively meaningless, yet they persist despite endeavors to get rid of them. Example: A person who can't stop thinking about dirt or germs that they could come into contact with. In this case, thinking about the dirt and/or germs is the obsession. - ATC Rituals - Repetitive behaviors that a person feels required to perform. Example: A patient silently recites nonsense words to vanquish a horrific image. - ATCPhobias - A persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid the dreaded object or situation. Example: A patient cannot get an MRI because she is claustrophobic. - ATC Anergia - A condition involving depression, fatigue and decreased energy. Example: Once a neat housekeeper, this person has allowed filth to build up in his house. He wants to clean but can't find the energy. - OT Attachment - A concept of child development that describes the desire of the individual to be with an attachment figure; the need to seek comfort and safety from the attachment figure; and the use of the attachment figure as a secure base from which to explore the world. Example: Infants get very distressed when separated from the caregiver they are attached to. - OT Agoraphobia - Significant fear or anxiety about situations from which escape could be difficult or help not immediately accessible, leading to avoidance or enduring with distress. Example: An individual may refuse to travel by plain or train for fear of having no outlet of escape in case of danger. - OT Automatic Obedience - An exaggerated co-operation with an examiner's request, as if the patient were an 'automaton' robotically obeying a command. It is usually a sign of catatonia. An exaggerated, robotic cooperation with requests. Example: The patient complies with any and all suggestions, even those a normal person would usually refuse. - OT Anhedonia - The inability to experience pleasure; when a patient experiences a major depressive disorder, activities that previously gave pleasure such as socializing, hobbies, sports, and sexual activities, often are no longer enjoyed.Example: A patient with Schizophrenia is not able to enjoy experiences because of a physiological reason over which he has no control. - OT Avolition - Lack of motivation. Example: An individual may no longer be interested in much of anything, sitting in the house for many hours a day doing nothing. - OT Codependency - Phenomenon that occurs when family members fail to address the behavior of a family member who is using substances. Example: People who believe they can't survive without their partners do anything they can to stay in their relationships, however painful. The fear of losing their partners and being abandoned overpowers any other feelings they might have. The thought of trying to address any of their partner's dysfunctional behaviors makes them feel unsafe. Excusing or denying a problem like addiction means they avoid rejection by their partners. - OT Cognition (or thought) - The complex process of creating order and meaning from experiences; describes a relatively high level of intellectual processing in which perceptions and information are acquired, used, or manipulated. - OT Elopement - When a client takes the initiative and decides to terminate the relationship with the institution by informally leaving the hospital grounds; AKA Escape, or being AWOL (absent without leave). Example: A nurse goes into Mr. Jones' room to administer insulin, but he is nowhere to be found! - OT Euthymic - A mood in the "normal" range. A reasonable mood; neither elevated nor depressed. Example: Your patient characteristically responds with appropriate gravity to serious topics, and with appropriate levity to humor.- OT Enuresis - The repeated voiding of urine into the bed or clothes, either during the day or at night. Example: An 8 year old girl continually wets the bed at night. Encopresis - The repeated passing of feces by the child into inappropriate places such as clothing or a corner of the room. Example: Six year old Lucy consistently poops in her sister's closet. - OT Alexithymia - The inability to label feelings with words. Difficulty in experiencing, expressing, and describing emotional responses. Example: A patient is very angry, but he does not know how to express his anger. - OT Ego Dystonic - Aspects of an individual's thoughts and behaviors that are incongruent or uncomfortable with the individual's sense or idea of self. Feelings that are unacceptable to the person's sense of self; a part of depersonalization disorder (one or more episodes of feeling detached from oneself so that the usual sense of personal reality is temporarily lost or changed). Example: A morally upstanding individual would probably be stricken by guilt and remorse if he cheated on his wife. For such a person, an affair would go against everything they believed in and would therefore be perceived as distressing and inconsistent with their belief in the type of person they thought they were. - OT Ego Syntonic - Aspects of an individual's thoughts or behaviors that are congruent or comfortable with the individual's sense or idea of self. Feelings that are in concert with the person's sense of self; the client has intact reality testing and is not experiencing hallucinations or delusions. Example: A worldly, serial philanderer cheats on his wife every night, yet feels no guilt/regret.Even though most people would consider that type of behavior as morally repugnant, to him it is acceptable and 'normal'; therefore, he suffers no internal conflict or guild as a result of his actions. -