MDC 2 EXAM 1 Questions With 100% Verified Review Solution

Benign cells - ANS-Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time Benign Cell Features - ANS-o Harmless o Do not usually require intervention o Slow growing o Tight Adherence o Specific morphology o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio o Specific differentiated functions o Tight adherence o Orderly growth o No migration o Normal chromosomes Benign cell looks similar to a - ANS-healthy cell Examples of Benign cells - ANS-o Skin Tag o Mole o Nasal Polyp o Uterine Fibroids o Endometriosis Malignant cells - ANS-indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death Malignant cell features - ANS-o Large nucleus o Migration o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition) o Loose adherence o Rapid or continuous cell division o Loss of cellular regulation o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23) Seven warning signs of cancer - ANS-o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns o A-A sore that doesn't heal o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing o O-Obvious change in wart or mole o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness Cancer development stages of malignancy - ANS-o Initiation o Promotion o Progression o Metastasis Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - ANS-Normal cells are damaged and irreversible Promotion - ANS-Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells Progression - ANS-Increase in production of malignant cells Metastasis - ANS-Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - ANS-cancer development Cancer classification - ANS-o Grading o Ploidy o Staging o TNM o Doubling time and mitotic index Grading - ANS-Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells o Ex. 1= No mutation o 4= Severe mutation Ploidy - ANS-Number of chromosomes Staging - ANS-How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread TNM - ANS-o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd) o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell) o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis) Doubling time and mitotic index - ANS-Period of time required for that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows) o Stage 1=Localized o Stage 4= Spread across the body Cancer prevention primary - ANS-o Sunscreen o Avoid smoking o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole) o Chemoprevention o Vaccine (HPV) Cancer prevention secondary - ANS-o Mammogram o Pap smear o Prostate test Cancer prevention tertiary - ANS-People who are already affected and getting treatment (examples below) o Chemo o Radiation o Surgery, etc. Types of cancers - ANS-carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma Carcinoma - ANS-malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues Sarcoma - ANS-malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues Melanoma - ANS-pigment producing skin cancer Lymphoma - ANS-malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue Leukemia - ANS-white blood cell tumor Blastoma - ANS-malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue Lab Diagnostic Tests - ANS-o CBC o Blood protein testing o Tumor marker test o Circulation tumor cell tests