Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 2
Functions of the Integumentary System - ANS-Resistance to trauma and infection
-Prevents loss or gain of water
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
-Thermoregulation
How does skin resist trauma and infection? - ANS-Skin has low pH to reduce bacteria and fungi
-Cells are packed closely together with tough protein called keratin
Name 3 ways the integumentary system thermoregulates? - ANS-Glands release sweat for
evaporative cooling
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
Define: Vasoconstriction - ANSnarrowing of blood vessels, reduces heat loss
Define: Vasodilation - ANSwidening of blood vessels, increases heat loss
What are the 2 main parts of the integumentary system? - ANSEpidermis- outer layer
Dermis- underlying connective tissue
*Hypodermis not really part of the skin!*
What does the epidermis primarily consist of? - ANSkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What are the epidermal derivatives? - ANSglands, hair, nails
What are the 4 main cell types in the epidermis? - ANS- Karatinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Tactile (Merkel) cells
- Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Keratinocytes (functions) - ANSmost numerous cell type, make fibrous protein keratin
Melanocytes (functions) - ANSsynthesize pigment called melanin
Tactile cells (functions and 2nd name) - ANSalso called Merkel cells, receptors for the sense of
touch, associated with a dermal nerve fiber
Dendritic cells (functions and 2nd name) - ANSmacrophages (big phagocytic cells) that kill
microbes
, What are the layers of the epidermis (list from bottom up)? - ANS- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
What layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin? - ANSStraum lucidum
How many layers are found in the stratum basale? - ANS1 layer
What cells are found in the stratum basale? - ANSstem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile
(merkel) cells
What is the importance of the stem cells in the stratum basale? - ANSmakes it mitotically active,
the stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes
How many layers are in the stratum spinosum? - ANS8-10 layers
What is the appearance of the cells in the stratum spinosum, and why? - ANSThe cells are
flattened, which happens as they are pushed upward
What is contained in the stratum spinosum? - ANSKeratinocytes, dendridic (langerhans) cells
In which epidermis layers do keratinocytes produce waterproofing substances? - ANSStratum
spinosum, stratum granulosum
What are the waterproofing substances produced by the keratinocytes? - ANSkeratin, lipids
How many layers are in the stratum granulosum? - ANS3-5 layers
In what layer do the nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate in the keratinocytes? -
ANSstratum granulosum
What do the cells look like in the stratum granulosum and why? - ANSThey continue to flatten
because of accumulation of keratin
How many layers are in the stratum lucidum, and what do they look like? - ANS3-4 layers of
translucent cells
Why are the cells in the stratum lucidum translucent? - ANSthe clear protein named eleidin
How many layers are in the stratum corneum? - ANSup to 30 layers
Functions of the Integumentary System - ANS-Resistance to trauma and infection
-Prevents loss or gain of water
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Sensory receptors for heat, cold, touch, texture, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
-Thermoregulation
How does skin resist trauma and infection? - ANS-Skin has low pH to reduce bacteria and fungi
-Cells are packed closely together with tough protein called keratin
Name 3 ways the integumentary system thermoregulates? - ANS-Glands release sweat for
evaporative cooling
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
Define: Vasoconstriction - ANSnarrowing of blood vessels, reduces heat loss
Define: Vasodilation - ANSwidening of blood vessels, increases heat loss
What are the 2 main parts of the integumentary system? - ANSEpidermis- outer layer
Dermis- underlying connective tissue
*Hypodermis not really part of the skin!*
What does the epidermis primarily consist of? - ANSkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What are the epidermal derivatives? - ANSglands, hair, nails
What are the 4 main cell types in the epidermis? - ANS- Karatinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Tactile (Merkel) cells
- Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Keratinocytes (functions) - ANSmost numerous cell type, make fibrous protein keratin
Melanocytes (functions) - ANSsynthesize pigment called melanin
Tactile cells (functions and 2nd name) - ANSalso called Merkel cells, receptors for the sense of
touch, associated with a dermal nerve fiber
Dendritic cells (functions and 2nd name) - ANSmacrophages (big phagocytic cells) that kill
microbes
, What are the layers of the epidermis (list from bottom up)? - ANS- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
What layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin? - ANSStraum lucidum
How many layers are found in the stratum basale? - ANS1 layer
What cells are found in the stratum basale? - ANSstem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile
(merkel) cells
What is the importance of the stem cells in the stratum basale? - ANSmakes it mitotically active,
the stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes
How many layers are in the stratum spinosum? - ANS8-10 layers
What is the appearance of the cells in the stratum spinosum, and why? - ANSThe cells are
flattened, which happens as they are pushed upward
What is contained in the stratum spinosum? - ANSKeratinocytes, dendridic (langerhans) cells
In which epidermis layers do keratinocytes produce waterproofing substances? - ANSStratum
spinosum, stratum granulosum
What are the waterproofing substances produced by the keratinocytes? - ANSkeratin, lipids
How many layers are in the stratum granulosum? - ANS3-5 layers
In what layer do the nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate in the keratinocytes? -
ANSstratum granulosum
What do the cells look like in the stratum granulosum and why? - ANSThey continue to flatten
because of accumulation of keratin
How many layers are in the stratum lucidum, and what do they look like? - ANS3-4 layers of
translucent cells
Why are the cells in the stratum lucidum translucent? - ANSthe clear protein named eleidin
How many layers are in the stratum corneum? - ANSup to 30 layers
