MT-BC EXAM (VERIFIED)

Aphasia - ANS speech disorder; Impaired ability to use or understand oral language Semantic - ANS Related to meaning in language or logic Prosodic (Prosody) - ANS The study of the tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning Tonic - ANS The first and last note of a scale Dominant - ANS fifth scale degree Subdominant - ANS 4th scale degree Mediant - ANS 3rd scale degree. (In the middle of the tonic and dominant) Submediant - ANS 6th scale degree Supertonic - ANS 2nd scale degree ("super" = above, above tonic) Leading tone - ANS What the 7th scale degree is called if it is a half step below the tonic. (C Major Scale) subtonic - ANS What the 7th scale degree is called if it is a whole step below the tonic. (C Natural Minor) Secondary Dominant Chord - ANS The dominant of the dominant Ataxia - ANS muscle movement difficulty Dysphagia - ANS inability to swallow Dyspnea - ANS Shortness of breath Dysarthria - ANS Speech problems because of muscle weakness Instruments in Concert C - ANS Flute, tuba, trombone, bassoon, oboe Bb instruments - ANS major 2nd down: Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, Soprano Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone, Trumpet, Baritone T.C. (Written D will be concert C) Eb Instruments - ANS Up a minor 3rd: Soprano Clarinet, Alto Clarinet, Alto Saxophone, Baritone Saxophone (Written A will be concert C) F Instruments - ANS Down a perfect 5th (7 half steps): English Horn, French Horn (written G will be concert C) G Instruments - ANS Down a perfect 4th (5 half steps): Alto Flute (written F will be concert C) Interval - ANS involves making one observation during a designated period of time. Duration - ANS measuring the length of time a client engages (or does not engage) in a target behavior during the observation period. Continuous - ANS observing or noting all target behaviors throughout the observation time period. Event - ANS involves counting the number of times a target behavior occurs during the observation period. Fixed Ratio - ANS Scheduled reinforcement (not a method of measure) Psychodynamic - ANS Past influences present/emotional development Ex: the therapist would be identifying and interpreting aspects of the client's choice of song and response to it in relation to his emotional development. Holistic - ANS This theoretical model engages the whole person (emotional, mental, and physical). Humanistic - ANS Choices and express feelings/thoughts Ex: the client is allowed to make choices and express feelings and thoughts, and the therapist is providing feedback and support in an open and accepting manner while encouraging others to do the same. Cognitive - ANS identification & problem-solving Behavioral - ANS assumes that changes in a person's behavior will affect changes in other areas of their functioning. Neurologic - ANS brain stimulus & neuroscience Existential - ANS focuses on recognizing passive acceptance and taking conscious control of one's own life. Psychoanalytic - ANS believe that human behavior is deterministic. It is governed by irrational forces, and the unconscious, as well as instinctual and biological drives. Due to this deterministic nature, these theorists do not believe in free will. adopts a deterministic view and unconscious factors that motivate behavior. Cognitive Behavioral - ANS How thinking affects behavior Catharsis - ANS emotional release Gustatory - ANS relating to the sense of taste Baroque Era - ANS ; Bach, Purcell, Handel Classical Era - ANS ; Mozart, Schubert, Haydn, Clementi, Beethoven Romantic Era - ANS ; Rachmaninov, Elgar, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Dvorak, Wagner, Berlioz, Verdi, Tchaikovsky, Liszt Modern Era - ANS ; Ravel, Debussy, Ireland, Shostakovich, Gershwin, Britten, Stockhausen Magical Thinking - ANS believing in things more strongly than evidences or experienced Round - ANS best type of singing to help with socialization Mixolydian - ANS The single tone that differentiates this scale from the major scale is its seventh note, which is a flattened seventh rather than a major seventh. Most harmonious & easy to sing with. Sounds happy but serious Flexion - ANS bending limb/joint Ionian - ANS a simple 'doh re mi' major key. It is the modern major scale. It is composed of natural notes beginning on C. Sounds happy Dorian - ANS Very similar to the modern natural minor scale. The only difference is in the sixth note, which is a major sixth above the first note, rather than a minor sixth. Sounds sad but hopeful Phrygian - ANS Also very similar to the modern natural minor scale. The only difference is in the second note, which is a minor second not a major. also known as the Spanish gypsy scale, because it resembles the scales found in flamenco music. Sounds dark Lydian - ANS a major scale, but with the fourth note from the bottom sharpened to give a slightly unsettling sound. Sounds uplifting but quirky Aeolian - ANS the natural minor scale Sounds Sad Locrian - ANS has five notes in its scale flattened a half-step. (2, 3, 5, 6, 7) Sounds Evil SMART goals are: - ANS specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound RAPIDT - ANS Referral, assessment, planning (treatment), Implementing, documenting, terminating SOAP - ANS subjective, objective, assessment, plan APIE - ANS Assessment Plan Intervention Evaluation sensorimotor stage - ANS in Piaget's theory (from birth to about 2 years of age); sensory & gross motor development an infant learns about the environment through senses and motor activity. As the baby matures, they will fix attention on a singer or musical instruments and respond to musical sounds and voices. preoperational stage - ANS 2yo-7yo: fine motor development, communication, & socialization concrete operations - ANS 7yo-11yo: ability to think logically, as long as it is in their realm of reality; personal achievement & mastery of musical skills formal operations - ANS 11yo-adult: ability to think abstractly; refine their skills Vibrotactile stimulation - ANS Tactile perception of sound waves... People with hearing loss can perceive musical stimuli Tactually defensive - ANS difficulty accepting physical touch... may benefit from tactile desensitization techniques (using tone bars with low frequency sound waves to give client a more normalized tactile acceptance and reduction of motor rigidity) Vibroacoustic stimulation - ANS uses special equipment (example, drums) to provide auditory input and vibrotactile stimulation. Vestibular action - ANS relates to the sense of balance Proprioceptive action - ANS relates to spatial orientation of limbs in space Sensorimotor action - ANS involves both motor and auditory/sensory pathways. Ex: A client with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) claps to musical accompaniments, clapping when the music plays and stopping when the music stops. left-brain stroke comprehension - ANS They do much better overall comprehending nonverbal cues and gestures. right-brain stroke comprehension - ANS tend to do better with short, simple verbal cues. ASD comprehension of directions - ANS Studies with this population have shown they can better process sung direction rather than verbal directions. Being reflective - ANS implies that a music therapist is able to restate and clarify the content of the session in order to further therapeutic progress. Being authentic - ANS being open and experiencing the session in the moment with the client. This enhances the therapeutic relationship by allowing the client to feel that they can trust the therapist to be present, genuine, or congruent. Being accessible - ANS being available to the client directly and indirectly. Appropriation - ANS usually refers to taking on as one's own an action or a behavior that belongs to or is demonstrated by an outside source, such as appropriating a style of music from another culture. Transference - ANS the acting out in the present of behavioral patterns that were learned in a previous, significant relationship. Affective domain - ANS focuses primarily on moods and emotions Current Procedural Terminology® (CPT). - ANS provides numeric codes for the services that are provided. Sustained attention - ANS attention that is directly focused on a stimulus for the duration of a task. Arousal - ANS the physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli. Selective attention - ANS the act of focusing on a particular object for a period of time while simultaneously ignoring irrelevant information that is also occurring. What must be submitted to third-party payers when seeking reimbursement for music therapy services? - ANS diagnostic codes, music therapy credentials, and billing forms anticipatory grief - ANS The emotional reaction that a client may experience before an impending loss Complicated grief - ANS a pervasive and often debilitating period of bereavement. Fading - ANS the gradual removal of explicit prompts or cues in an attempt to maintain the behavior on its own. Chaining - ANS the procedure of two or more processes being joined together systematically, one at a time. the ability to learn a complex task by connecting simple tasks in a sequence instead of exposure to complex task all at once. Sequencing - ANS understanding how a series of objects, events, and time occur in a specific and logical order. Ex: sequencing the session in the order of first, middle, and last. Shaping - ANS a technique for developing new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) - ANS most commonly used to measure cognitive impairment in dementia patients. Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis - ANS This assessment is a speech/language test which analyses phonological processes Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale - ANS a widely used and well-validated tool for measuring the severity of a patient's anxiety The Berg Balance Scale - ANS used to measure balance in people with sensorimotor deficiencies Auditory motor matching - ANS the degree to which movement to music is correctly imitated. Auditory sequencing - ANS the ability to put tones in the correct order auditory discrimination - ANS Identifying directionality Ex: A music therapist asks a client to close her eyes, presents a musical tone, and asks the client which direction the sound is coming from. Auditory sensitivity - ANS a measure of the client's response to sound intensity levels. Somatization disorder - ANS consists of multiple, recurrent, and long-term somatic complaints that, after thorough medical investigation, cannot be attributed to any physical disorder. Errorless learning - ANS a procedure that structures the learning without any errors. Group contingencies - ANS a strong means of managing client behavior by using peer pressure to lead the group towards a common good, usually seen in young adult/adult groups. Pacing - ANS most important to keep clients engaged and on-task. If it is too fast the clients can become frustrated, but if it is too slow they can become bored. jazz waltz accompaniment - ANS includes syncopation Reality therapy - ANS focuses on helping a client to have a satisfying or positive relationship with another person. Baseline data - ANS what the client is currently able to do at the time of assessment. Episodic memory - ANS the memory of autobiographical events. Working memory - ANS contains the information that can be held in mind and mentally manipulated in a short period of time. Semantic memory - ANS refers to general world knowledge that has been accumulated. Sensory memory - ANS the immediate impression from sensory information after stimuli are presented. Procedural memory - ANS unconscious memory for skills and tasks. Explicit memory - ANS conscious recall such as for semantic or episodic memory. Adventitious - ANS Not present at birth Alternative and Augmentative Communication system (AAC) - ANS Products or methods used to aid communication for persons with disorders of speech, language, or writing. They can dance from pointing at pictures to using sophisticated electronic equipment amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - ANS A terminal, progressive disease of the motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal chord that eventually leads to muscular paralysis. Arthritis - ANS An affliction in which joints become inflamed or begin to deteriorate Association through contiguity - ANS The association of two separate events due to temporal proximity Atherosclerosis - ANS A disease affecting the arterial blood vessels. It is the name of a process in which fatty substances are deposited on the inner lining of the arteries and over time build up, causing a stroke or heart attack Atlantoaxial instability - ANS a type of misalignment of the upper spinal column that is often found in people with Down syndrome Beat competency - ANS The ability to follow and maintain a simple beat bilingual-bicultural approach to language learning - ANS A method in which a child learns American Sign Language as his/her primary language, but is taught English as a second language so that the child can ultimately use both languages and socialize in both Deaf and hearing cultures. Catatonic behavior - ANS Marked abnormal in motor behavior, such as long periods of remaining in the same position without moving central hearing loss - ANS Hearing loss due to damage to or impairment of the brain or central nervous system cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - ANS Occurs when blood flow to the brain is restricted, sometimes due to a ruptured cerebral blood vessel. The resulting lack of oxygen to brain cells can cause permanent damage or death. Also known as a stroke chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - ANS A disease in which air sacs of the lungs lose their elasticity and become overly porous, which can result in dyspnea, fatigue, and eventually lead to death Cognitive behavior modification - ANS A behavior modification technique that includes self-reinforcement and self-evaluation Conductive hearing loss - ANS Hearing loss caused by disease or obstruction in the outer or middle ear. Divided Attention - ANS Focusing one's spotlight of awareness on more than one task at a time Dyspraxia - ANS Disturbance in the sequence of spoken language resulting from decreased ability to plan and position the muscles involved in word articulation Emergent - ANS A research design common in qualitative research in which it is not necessary for all the research steps to be spelled out before the research begins Encephalitis - ANS Swelling or infection of the brain Extramusical associations - ANS Instances in which music produces thoughts, feelings, and sensations about things other than the music itself; for example, when a trumpet call is recognized as a symbol for victory in battle. Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) - ANS A tool for assessment of comatose states that measures three features--eye movement, motor response to stimuli, and verbal response--according to severity Hemiplegia - ANS paralysis of either the right or the left half of the body Huntington's disease - ANS A relatively rare, inherited neurological disorder affecting motor control, which tends to appear in middle age Hydrocephaly - ANS A medical condition resulting from an excess of cerebrospinal fluid in and around the brain Hypotonia - ANS lack of muscle tone Iconicity - ANS The imitation of a feeling, object, or event through the structural properties of an art form Isomorphism - ANS In Gestalt psychology, the principle that there is a parallel between Gestalt perception of a pattern and the actual "experience" of the pattern structure in the brain. This term is sometimes used to refer to structural characteristics of music that "mimic" human emotions or behaviors. Meningitis - ANS A disease that arises from infection of the spinal fluid and can cause hearing loss and other serious complications, including death Metabolic errors - ANS Conditions in which the body cannot properly break down (metabolize) a substance multiple sclerosis (MS) - ANS chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system in which the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers degrade, resulting in neuromuscular symptoms such as weakness in the limbs and sensory impairment Naturalistic research - ANS Research that involves observing people in their natural setting, doing what they would normally be doing, with a minimum amount of interference by the researchers. Perilingual - ANS Occurring during the acquisition of the principal structures of adult speech and language Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) - ANS a group of disorders that are characterized by delays in multiple areas of development, including communication and social functioning Phenomenological research - ANS The examination of human experience by studying extensively a small number of people to develop patterns of meaning Phenylketonuria (PKU) - ANS A genetic metabolic disorder that causes severe brain damage due to the body's inability to break down the chemical phenylalanine reconstructive music therapy - ANS Music therapy activities that are used to uncover or resolve subconscious conflicts that continue to hamper behavior Re-educative music therapy - ANS Music therapy activities that emphasize verbal reflection and processing about interpersonal relationships and emotions, while still highlighting active participation of group members Referentialist philosophy - ANS The philosophical belief that the meaning in music arises from connections the listener makes between music and a nonmusical object or event residual hearing - ANS Usable hearing (associated with people with hearing losses who can hear some sounds but not others). Rett's Syndrome - ANS A disorder in females which, following an apparently normal development of up to two and a half years, a child shows decelerated head growth, diminishing physical coordination and impaired social and language development safety valve function - ANS Using music to "let off steam", that is, to express deep-felt emotions or to speak out about societal concerns Shifting attention - ANS Continually changing one's focus of attention from one aspect of the environment to another Spina Bifida - ANS An open defect in the spinal column cause by failure of the back arches of the vertebrae to close before birth Supportive music therapy - ANS Music therapy activities that are designed to promote adaptive behavior and are oriented towards participants' active involvement and awareness of the present Symmetry - ANS In gait training, the degree to which a person's right and left steps are similar with respect to their location from the center of the body Team-oriented approach - ANS End-of-life care in which a variety of professionals collaborate to meet a client's needs, sometimes crossing or transcending disciplinary lines. Such approaches may include services of nurses, counselors, music therapists, clergy, and trained volunteers, depending on the particular needs of a given client. Velocity - ANS In gait training, number of steps taken in a given period of time Vibrotactile aid - ANS a mechanism that aids individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to detect and interpret the vibration of sounds through the sense of touch