Evidence Practice Exam Questions with Complete Solutions

Evidence-Based Practice Exam Questions and Complete Rationales Why do we research and use evidence? - Ans: 1.Priority for the OT Profession (shows what's current, helps identify our profession, to provide quality care) 2. Associated with better outcomes for clients 3. Affects OT practice 4. Affects reimbursement of OT services and policy. What is Evidence-Based Practice? - Ans: 1. Finding and using best research evidence with clinical reasoning for treatment choices given client care context. 2. Values the experience and art of clinical practice with support from scientific method to make evidence based decisions with regards to the choice for client care and treatment. Why is it good to critically analyze research to use as evidence based practice? - Ans: Critical analysis of a research article helps us account for extraneous variables so that we can control for these extraneous factors. What type of evidence is associated with personal sources of knowledge? - Ans: Anecdotal What type of evidence is associated with cultural/social sources of knowledge? - Ans: Straw Poll What type of evidence is associated with an authoritative source of knowledge? - Ans: Expert Opinion What type of evidence is associated with knowledge from research? - Ans: Empirical This source of knowledge relies on how things have always been done. - Ans: Tradition This source of knowledge come from asking experts sources. - Ans: Authoritative This source of knowledge is an unsystematic approach. - Ans: Trial and Error This source of knowledge relies on deductive and inductive reasoning. - Ans: Logical Reasoning This source of knowledge also relies on deductive and inductive reasoning but is more rigorous. - Ans: Scientific Method The logical process of developing specific hypotheses based on general principles. Generalized -->Specific - Ans: Deductive Reasoning The logical process of developing generalizations based on specific observations or facts. Specific --> Generalized - Ans: Inductive Reasoning As clinicians, why is it important to use evidence-based practice? - Ans: Our expertise is not just knowing the facts, but knowing how to find answers to complex questions and apply in a practical manner. What is evidence-based practice composed of? - Ans: 1. Current best evidence 2. Treatment Evidence 3. Each client's values and circumstances (which in combination with OT expertise, support the clinical decision making for "current best evidence") What does the traditional decision making process consist of? - Ans: 1. Expertise and judgement 2. Patient preferences 3. Clinical/patient circumstances What does the evidence-based decision making process consist of? - Ans: 1. Expertise and judgement 2. Patient preferences 3. Clinical/patient circumstances 4. Scientific Evidence What is the purpose of evidence-based practice? - Ans: To close the gap between what is known and what is done and improve quality, effectiveness, and appropriateness of clinical practice. What are principles of the evidence-based decision making methodology? - Ans: 1. Clearly state the questions and methods 2. Locate relevant studies 3. Use explicit methods to determine which articles to include 4. Assess validity of evidence 5. Ensure conclusions are supported by the data 6. Determine relevance of findings 7. Apply relevant findings to your practice What are steps of evidence-based practice? - Ans: 1. Begin with a clinical question 2. Find and discern the evidence 3. Apply the evidence to the care situation 4. Evaluate the outcomes What is meant by research needing to be empirical and critical and why is this important? - Ans: It has to be relevant, measurable and repeatable. It reduces confounding variables It is objective, sound and trustworthy It is valid (the degree in which the research design allows for reasonable interpretation of data.) When using evidence-based practice, how would you apply it to a specific client? - Ans: 1. Consult with the patient to decide on the best option. 2. Apply recommendations but adjust for the individualistic needs of the client. 3. It has to be creative. Need to rely on evidence as well as practitioners skills and experience. What are classifications of research? - Ans: 1. Descriptive 2. Exploratory 3. Experimental What is descriptive research? - Ans: Describes populations. Uses case studies, questionnaires/surveys, etc. It is qualitative What is exploratory research? - Ans: Finds relationships. Uses surveys or interviews. It is qualitative and/or quantitative What is experimental research? - Ans: Looks at a cause and effect. Uses randomized controlled trials. Single-subject (quasi-experimental) It is quantitative This type of research is a measurement of outcomes using numerical data and statistical analysis. It also uses independent and dependent variables. - Ans: Quantitative Research This type of research is subjective, has narrative information using surveys, uses open-ended questions to explore associations and formulates theories or constructs. - Ans: Qualitative Research What are steps to the traditional research process? - Ans: 1. Identify research question, investigate the problem 2. Review literature 3. Design the study - what type of research method fits 4. Data collection 5. Data analysis 6. Share findings/Report Why is it important to critically appraise evidence? - Ans: 1. Identify if the study is relevant 2. Establish if it is trustworthy 3. Is the study generalizable? 4. Does it have clinical importance? 5. OT's need to be able to communicate the evidence to clients as part of collaboration for making informed treatment decisions. What are examples of Level I types of evidence? - Ans: systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials and meta analysis' What are examples of level II types of evidence? - Ans: 2 groups, non-randomized, cohort and case control What are examples of level III types of evidence? - Ans: One group, non-randomized, pre and post tests What are examples of level IV types of evidence? - Ans: Descriptive studies that include analysis of outcomes (single subject design, case series) What are examples of level V types of evidence? - Ans: Case studies, narratives What is the order from least to greatest of types of evidence? - Ans: Least: In vitro (test tube) research Animal Research Ideas, Editorials, Opinions Case Reports Case Series Case Control Studies Cohort Studies Randomized Controlled Double Blind Studies Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses What three elements should be included in a research Question? - Ans: P: person/problem/population I: Intervention O: Outcomes (what do you hope to improve, accomplish, measure or affect?) What are some primary sources of information? - Ans: Report or document provided directly by the person who authored it. Most research articles in professional journals, oral presentations, direct research results, diaries, eyewitness accounts and interviews. What are secondary sources of information? - Ans: A description or review of one or more studies presented by someone other than the original author. Review articles, most textbooks, newspaper accounts and biographies. What are steps in the research process? - Ans: 1. Develop a hypothesis or focused question. 2. Review Literature 3. Choose an appropriate research design 4. Collect the data 5. Write a report and submit it to a professional journal/conference