Essentials of Pathophysiology Porth Ch.2 Exam Questions and Complete Solutions

Essentials of Pathophysiology Porth Ch.2 Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Atrophy - Ans: decrease in size Example of Atrophy - Ans: menopause- decrease in hormones which causes a decrease in reproductive organ size. Hypertrophy - Ans: increase in size Example of Hypertrophy - Ans: athletes muscles get bigger Hyperplasia - Ans: Increase in number of cells Example of Hyperplasia - Ans: Warts and prostate Metaplasia - Ans: Change in the type of cell from one type to another Dysplasia - Ans: Change in size, shape, and organization Example of Metaplasia - Ans: Smokers cells change from ciliated to stratified squamous which causes a chronic cough Example of Dysplasia - Ans: cancer What will happen to a cell that does not make adaptive changes as a result of stress? - Ans: It will die Scenario: A woman breaks her leg, 3 wks. later you find .. The left leg is smaller than the right - Ans: Atrophy Scenario: A woman breaks her leg, 3 wks. later you find .. the circumferance of the right calf has increased by 2 cm - Ans: Hypertrophy Scenario: A woman breaks her leg, 3 wks. later you find .. new calluses on the right foot - Ans: Hyperplasia Scenario: A woman breaks her leg, 3 wks. later you find .. a nodule of skin tissue has formed a fluid-filled cyst near her incision - Ans: Metaplasia An example of a stressed cell filling up with pigment is - Ans: a tattoo, black lung, jondus Injurious agents - Ans: causes stress damage Hypoxia - Ans: deprives the cell of oxygen and interrupts ATP generation Heat - Ans: burn and heatstroke; increase in cell metabolism, inactivate temperature sensitive enzymes, disrupt cell membrane Cold - Ans: Increase viscosity of blood and vasoconstriction Electricity - Ans: lightning or high-voltage wires- extensive tissue injury or disruption of neural and cardiac impulses Chemical Agents - Ans: drugs, lead, mercury, caron monoxide, insecticides, tobacco smoke- liver damage , injure the cell membrane, block enzymatic pathways, coagulate cell proteins, disrupt the ionic and osmotic balance Biological agents - Ans: viruses and bacteria- diverse array of mechanisms Radiation - Ans: UV rays-disrupt intracellular bonds and cause sunburn which can lead to skin cancer Nutritional imbalances - Ans: excess or deficiency of a nutrient- anemia Stresses damage cells by.. - Ans: 1) free radical formation 2) increased intracellular calcium 3) ATP depletion Free radical formation causes - Ans: oxidation Increased intracellular calcium causes - Ans: damge to cell organelles ATP depletion - Ans: If mitochondria is not getting enough oxygen = hypoxia Scenario: 2 boys suffer from hypoxia : one with a normal body temp and one who is very cold - Which one will have a lower intracellular pH? - Ans: normal body temp because metabolism is the same with an increase in lactic acid Scenario: 2 boys suffer from hypoxia : one with a normal body temp and one who is very cold- Which one will have more cell swelling? - Ans: The one who is very cold due to vasoconstriction and an increased viscosity of blood Free radicals - Ans: molecules with an unpaired electron in the outer electron electron shell ; they are extremely unstable and reactive, can damage normal cell component and produce more. Antioxidants - Ans: normally remove free radicals from the body True or false? Cells usually maintain high intracellular calcium levels - Ans: false ; low What happens when calcium is released into the cell? - Ans: acts as a "second messenger system" , turns on intracellular enzymes, can open more calcium gates in cell membrane Calcium cascade - Ans: letting in more calcium to the cell Scenario: Mr.X had a stroke and blood flow is cut off to part of the brain- Why give him oxygen? - Ans: we want to hyperoxygenate so that cells can have as much oxygen as possible Scenario: Mr.X had a stroke and blood flow is cut off to part of the brain- Why give him a calcium channel blocker? - Ans: We want to block calcium to prevent damage of cells and ATP depletion Apoptosis - Ans: "cell suicide" or programmed death How does apoptosis work? - Ans: turn their own enzymes on themselves, digest their own cell, proteins, and DNA, then are destroyed by white blood cells Reasons for Apoptosis - Ans: signaling factor of cell damage receptors, mitochondrial damage, protein p53 activated by DNA damage Necrosis - Ans: unregulated cell death caused by injury to the cell How does Necrosis work? - Ans: cells swell and rupture, inflammation results Reasons for Necrosis : Liquefaction - Ans: some cells die, catylitic enzymes dont get destroyed and cause an absess Reasons for Necrosis : Coagulation - Ans: hypoxic areas (Lack of oxygen) Reasons for Necrosis : Infarction - Ans: no blood supply Reasons for Necrosis : Caseous Necrosis - Ans: dead cells persist indefinitely such as in tuberculosis true or false? Necrotic tissue cannot be reversed - Ans: true Gangrene - Ans: Large area of necrotic tissue Dry gangrene - Ans: lack of arterial blood supply but can carry fluid out of the tissue, causes tissue to coagulate Wet gangrene - Ans: lack of veneous flow so a bunch of fluid accumulates; organ is cold and swollen; foul odor Gas gangrene - Ans: toxic bubbles, clostridium infection produces toxins and H2S bubbles Accumulated damage in aging cells - Ans: older cells have more DNA damage, more free radicals, and cells lose their ability to repair their telomeres.