TTU ZOOL 2403 Final Exam Dr. Boros Study Guide Graded A 2024

What does the Kidney do? - Produces Urine Functions of Kidney - 1. Excretion -removal of wastes from body fluids into urine 2. Regulation of Blood -Ions a. control blood Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium), and Cl- (chloride) levels -ph a. control blood H+ (hydrogen) and HCO3- (bicarbonate) levels -Pressure and Volume a. control blood fluid volume and therefore blood pressure What three processes do the Kidneys use to perform their functions? - -Filtration of water, ions, nutrients, and waste products from the blood -Reabsorption of most of the water, ions, and nutrients back into the blood -Excretion of metabolic wastes into the urine Describe the Drinking Process - Water is absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the blood, which goes to the Renal Arteries which supply the kidneys and then becomes urine. We lose water constantly through our... - -Skin -Lungs -Digestive System The kidneys can regulate what because of what? - They can regulate water volume because they can concentrate or dilute the urine Among other things, what are the kidneys responsible for? - The kidneys are responsible for our ability to survive on land without dehydrating Where are the kidneys located and what are they protected by? - The Kidneys are located on either side of the . vertebral column and are partly protected by the ribcage What are the 2 divisions of the kidney? - The Renal Cortex and the Renal Medulla Describe the Renal Cortex - The Renal Cortex is the outer portion of the kidney Describe the Renal Medulla - 1. inner portion of the kidney 2. separated into renal pyramids by renal columns How is blood supplied to the kidneys? - 1. Each Kidney receives blood from a Renal Artery 2. The Renal Artery Branches into many smaller and smaller arteries 3. These smaller arteries travel between renal pyramids within the Renal Columns 4. They ultimately deliver the blood via the arterioles to a capillary network called the "Glomerulus" What is the percentage of total cardiac output that kidneys receive? - 20-25% How many liters of blood flow through the kidneys each minute? - 1.2 Liters How many times a day is the entire blood volume filtered by the kidneys? - 60 times How long would it take for the blood filtered by the kidneys to be excreted if it were excreted in its entirety? - 25 minutes What percentage of the filtered blood is returned to the cardiovascular system? - 99% Composition of the Kidneys - 1. Nephrons 2. A Collecting System How many nephrons does the kidney contain? - The kidney contains about 1.25 million nephrons which are 85 miles in combined length What is the Nephron? - The Nephron is the functional unit of the Kidney Composition of the Nephron - 1. Renal Corpuscle 2. Renal Tubule Where does Urine Production begin? - In the Nephron What occurs in the Nephron? - 1. Blood is filtered into the Nephron 2. Composition changes during the process Composition of the Renal Corpuscle - 1. Glomerulus 2. Bowman's Capsule 3. Urinary Space What does the Glomerulus intertwine with? - The network of capillaries Where does the glomerulus receive blood and where does blood leave the glomerulus? - The glomerulus receives blood from the afferent arteriole and blood leaves the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole What is the Bowman's Capsule? - A sac-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus What is the Bowman's capsule composed of? - Squamous Epithelial Cells What does the Bowman's Capsule enclose? - the Urinary Space Define Urinary Space - The space between the inner layer lining of the glomerulus and the outer layer of the Bowman's capsule Where does Filtration of fluid from Blood into the Nephron occur? - In the Renal Corpuscle Describe Filtration of fluid from Blood into the Nephron - Blood Pressure 1. forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerulus and into the urinary space 2. produces a protein-free solution called filtrate What are the 3 Layers of Filtration? - 1. The glomerulus (capillary): endothelial cell layer 2. Middle connective tissue layer 3. Inner lining of the Bowman's capsule: epithelial cell layer