PSY 121 Exam 3 New Update Actual Test with complete solution

The neural stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ___________________ in classical conditioning. - Answer-conditioned stimulus Every week, Jade spends her allowance on 1/2-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though they always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag. Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the __________________. - Answer-sour lemon gummy candy Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ____________________. - Answer-unconditioned response In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ___________ response. - Answerconditioned In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always comes before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as a(n) __________________. - Answer-conditioned stimulus In classical conditioning, __________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. - Answer-extinction Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every fifteen minutes and doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. It salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell. Which of the following terms explains this response? - Answer-Spontaneous recovery Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in _______________________. - Answer-both operant and classical conditioning_______ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior. - Answer-Positive Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being ____________________. - Answer-negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going down Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time that Axel begs, Kyla says, "No," in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using _________________. - Answer-positive punishment Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from others) from the individual. This is called __________________. - Answer-negative punishment When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____ schedule. - Answer-ratio Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? - Answer-Fixed ratio ________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps in the overall sequence of behaviors. - Answer-Chaining