SAMENVATTING
CRIMINOLOGIE
Informatie examen
> Cursus is ter verduidelijking, powerpoints zijn het belangrijkste!
> Voorbeelden kunnen geven bij definities
Inhoudstabel
1. INLEIDENDE BESCHOUWINGEN ................................................................................................ 4
DEFINITIE CRIMINOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................... 4
NOTITIES ........................................................................................................................................... 4
DEFINITIE VAN CRIMINALITEIT ................................................................................................................. 4
NORMATIEVE DEFINITIES ....................................................................................................................... 5
KRITISCHE CRIMINALITEITSDEFINITIES ....................................................................................................... 6
RADICALE DEFINITIE.............................................................................................................................. 7
STUDIEDOMEIN ................................................................................................................................... 7
2. HISTORISCHE ONTWIKKELING VAN DE CRIMINOLOGIE ............................................................. 8
DE VOORGESCHIEDENIS ......................................................................................................................... 8
DEMONOLIGSCHE VERKLARING VAN DE CRIMINALITEIT ....................................................................................... 8
NATURALISTISCHE VERKLARING VAN CRIMINALITEIT ........................................................................................... 8
KLASSIEKE CRIMINOLOGIE ...................................................................................................................... 9
2E HELFT 18E EEUW - INSTABILITEIT ................................................................................................................. 9
STRAFRECHTSYSTEEM IN ANCIEN REGIME ........................................................................................................ 9
PERIODE VAN VERLICHTING ........................................................................................................................... 9
VERLICHTE FILOSOFEN ................................................................................................................................ 10
MONTESQIEU (1689-1755) ....................................................................................................................... 10
ROUSSEAU (1712-1778) ........................................................................................................................... 10
BECCARIA (1738-1794) ............................................................................................................................ 11
BENTHAM (1748-1832) ............................................................................................................................ 11
THEORETISCH RATIONALISME ....................................................................................................................... 12
EMPIRISCHE CRIMINOLOGIE ................................................................................................................. 13
1E HELFT VAN DE 19E EEUW: 1800 – 1850 .................................................................................................... 13
POSITIVISTISCHE KENTERING ........................................................................................................................ 13
GEDETERMINEERD MENSBEELD .................................................................................................................... 13
FRENOLOGIE (GALL & SPURZHEIM) .............................................................................................................. 14
PSYCHIATRIE (PINEL & ESQUIROL) ................................................................................................................ 14
FILANTROPIE ............................................................................................................................................. 14
MOREEL-STATISTICI ................................................................................................................................... 14
2E HELFT 19E EEUW: 1850-1900 ................................................................................................................. 15
DE ITALIAANSE ANTROPOLOGISCHE SCHOOL ................................................................................................... 15
1
,GAROFALO (1852-1934) ........................................................................................................................... 15
FERRI (1856-1928) .................................................................................................................................. 15
FRANSE MILIEUSCHOOL............................................................................................................................... 16
BIOSOCIALE SCHOOL................................................................................................................................... 16
BIOLOGISCHE VERKLARINGEN VAN CRIMINALITEIT ....................................................................... 17
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK (BEDOYA & PORTNOY, 2022) ..................................................... 17
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: VOEDING & HORMONEN ................................................................. 17
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: GENETICA ..................................................................................... 17
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: PSYCHOFISIOLOGIE ......................................................................... 19
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: HERSENBESCHADIGING .................................................................... 20
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: HERSENSTRUCTUREN ...................................................................... 20
STERKTES, ZWAKTES EN TOEKOMSTIG BIO-SOCIOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK........................................................... 21
IMPLICATIES VOOR JURIDISCHE PRAKTIJK ................................................................................................. 22
SOCIOBIOLOGISCH VERKLARING VAN BUIKHUIZEN ..................................................................................... 22
PSYCHOLOGISCHE VERKLARINGEN VAN CRIMINALITEIT ................................................................ 24
VOOR WO I ..................................................................................................................................... 24
PSYCHOPATHIE.................................................................................................................................. 24
PCL-R ............................................................................................................................................. 24
FACTOR 1: INTERPERSOONLIJKE FACET ........................................................................................................... 25
FACTOR 2: FACET LEVENSSTIJL...................................................................................................................... 25
FACTOR 2: ANTISOCIALE FACET .................................................................................................................... 25
AANGEBOREN OF AANGELEERD? – ONTWIKKELINGS- EN LEVENSLOOPCRIMINOLOGIE (OLC) ............................... 26
OLC-PERSPECTIEF TOEGEPAST OP PSYCHOPATHIE: RISICOFACTOREN ................................................................... 26
OLC-PERSPECTIEF TOEGEPAST OP PSYCHOPATHIE: ETIOLOGIE ............................................................................ 26
HECHTINGSSTIJLEN – BOWLBY – 1988 .......................................................................................................... 27
OPVOEDINGSSTIJLEN – MACCOBBY & MARTIN – 1983 ................................................................................... 27
BEHANDELBAAR? .............................................................................................................................. 28
BEHAVIORISME ................................................................................................................................. 28
SOCIOLOGISCHE VERKLARINGEN ................................................................................................... 29
ECOLOGISCHE BENADERING.................................................................................................................. 29
CHICAGO-SCHOOL ..................................................................................................................................... 29
CONCENTRISCHE ZONETHEORIE VAN PARK ..................................................................................................... 29
SOCIALE DESORGANISATIETHEORIE SHAW & MCKAY ....................................................................................... 30
STRUCTUREEL FUNCTIONALISTISCHE BENADERING ..................................................................................... 31
ALGEMEEN ............................................................................................................................................... 31
EMILE DURKHEIM ...................................................................................................................................... 31
ROBERT MERTON – ANOMIETHEORIE ............................................................................................................ 33
ALBERT COHEN - SUBCULTUURTHEORIE ......................................................................................................... 34
CLOWARD & OHLIN – DIFFERENTIËLE GELEGENHEIDSTHEORIE ........................................................................... 36
WALGRAVE EN VETTENBURG – THEORIE VAN DE MAATSCHAPPELIJKE KWETSBAARHEID........................................... 39
LEERTHEORIEËN ................................................................................................................................. 40
SUTHERLAND ............................................................................................................................................ 40
MILLER - SUBCULTUURTHEORIE .................................................................................................................... 41
CONTROLETHEORIEËN ......................................................................................................................... 41
2
,HIRSCHI – SOCIALE CONTROLETHEORIE .......................................................................................................... 41
JONGEMAN – CRIMINALITEIT ALS VERZET, MOTIVATIE EN REMMINGEN................................................................ 42
TITTLE – CONTROL BALANCE THEORY ............................................................................................................. 43
DE SITUATIONELE CONTROLETHEORIE ............................................................................................................ 43
RATIONELE KEUZEBENADERING .................................................................................................................... 44
FELSON – GELEGENHEIDSTHEORIE ................................................................................................................ 44
WILSON & KELLING – BROKEN WINDOWS-THEORIE ........................................................................................ 45
LABELLING ....................................................................................................................................... 46
VOORBEELDVRAGEN ..................................................................................................................... 47
1) INLEIDENDE BESCHOUWINGEN ....................................................................................................... 47
2) HISTORISCHE ONTWIKKELING VAN DE CRIMINOLOGIE .......................................................................... 47
3) DE CRIMINOLOGISCHE WETENSCHAP VANDAAG ................................................................................. 48
3
, 1. Inleidende beschouwingen
Definitie criminologie
The term refers to all scholarly, scientific and professional knowledge concerning (1) the
explanation, (2) prevention, (3) control and (4) treatment of crime, delinquency, offenders
and victims, including the measurement & detection of crime, legislation and practice of
criminal law, law enforcement and judicial and correctional systems
Notities
- De focus in criminologie: met wetenschappelijke bril kijken naar misdaden
- Agregatieniveau: in groepen / op groepsniveau
- Niet enkel voor daders, maar ook focus op de slachtoffers
Slachtoffers willen 2 dingen:
> Waarom ik?
> Willen excuses van de dader
- We gaan voorkomen van criminaliteit = preventie, beheersing & interveniëren
(= welke interventie werkt?)
709 VS
400-630
300-400
150-300
Cijfers op 100 000 mensen
138 Engeland
er vast zitten in de
gevangenis per land
131
102
70-90 België
50-70
35
Definitie van criminaliteit
2 grote stromingen:
1) Traditionele criminaliteitsdefinitie
- Eigenschap van een bepaald gedrag
- Verwijst naar de norm (= normatieve definitie)
4
CRIMINOLOGIE
Informatie examen
> Cursus is ter verduidelijking, powerpoints zijn het belangrijkste!
> Voorbeelden kunnen geven bij definities
Inhoudstabel
1. INLEIDENDE BESCHOUWINGEN ................................................................................................ 4
DEFINITIE CRIMINOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................... 4
NOTITIES ........................................................................................................................................... 4
DEFINITIE VAN CRIMINALITEIT ................................................................................................................. 4
NORMATIEVE DEFINITIES ....................................................................................................................... 5
KRITISCHE CRIMINALITEITSDEFINITIES ....................................................................................................... 6
RADICALE DEFINITIE.............................................................................................................................. 7
STUDIEDOMEIN ................................................................................................................................... 7
2. HISTORISCHE ONTWIKKELING VAN DE CRIMINOLOGIE ............................................................. 8
DE VOORGESCHIEDENIS ......................................................................................................................... 8
DEMONOLIGSCHE VERKLARING VAN DE CRIMINALITEIT ....................................................................................... 8
NATURALISTISCHE VERKLARING VAN CRIMINALITEIT ........................................................................................... 8
KLASSIEKE CRIMINOLOGIE ...................................................................................................................... 9
2E HELFT 18E EEUW - INSTABILITEIT ................................................................................................................. 9
STRAFRECHTSYSTEEM IN ANCIEN REGIME ........................................................................................................ 9
PERIODE VAN VERLICHTING ........................................................................................................................... 9
VERLICHTE FILOSOFEN ................................................................................................................................ 10
MONTESQIEU (1689-1755) ....................................................................................................................... 10
ROUSSEAU (1712-1778) ........................................................................................................................... 10
BECCARIA (1738-1794) ............................................................................................................................ 11
BENTHAM (1748-1832) ............................................................................................................................ 11
THEORETISCH RATIONALISME ....................................................................................................................... 12
EMPIRISCHE CRIMINOLOGIE ................................................................................................................. 13
1E HELFT VAN DE 19E EEUW: 1800 – 1850 .................................................................................................... 13
POSITIVISTISCHE KENTERING ........................................................................................................................ 13
GEDETERMINEERD MENSBEELD .................................................................................................................... 13
FRENOLOGIE (GALL & SPURZHEIM) .............................................................................................................. 14
PSYCHIATRIE (PINEL & ESQUIROL) ................................................................................................................ 14
FILANTROPIE ............................................................................................................................................. 14
MOREEL-STATISTICI ................................................................................................................................... 14
2E HELFT 19E EEUW: 1850-1900 ................................................................................................................. 15
DE ITALIAANSE ANTROPOLOGISCHE SCHOOL ................................................................................................... 15
1
,GAROFALO (1852-1934) ........................................................................................................................... 15
FERRI (1856-1928) .................................................................................................................................. 15
FRANSE MILIEUSCHOOL............................................................................................................................... 16
BIOSOCIALE SCHOOL................................................................................................................................... 16
BIOLOGISCHE VERKLARINGEN VAN CRIMINALITEIT ....................................................................... 17
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK (BEDOYA & PORTNOY, 2022) ..................................................... 17
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: VOEDING & HORMONEN ................................................................. 17
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: GENETICA ..................................................................................... 17
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: PSYCHOFISIOLOGIE ......................................................................... 19
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: HERSENBESCHADIGING .................................................................... 20
HUIDIG BIO-CRIMINOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK: HERSENSTRUCTUREN ...................................................................... 20
STERKTES, ZWAKTES EN TOEKOMSTIG BIO-SOCIOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK........................................................... 21
IMPLICATIES VOOR JURIDISCHE PRAKTIJK ................................................................................................. 22
SOCIOBIOLOGISCH VERKLARING VAN BUIKHUIZEN ..................................................................................... 22
PSYCHOLOGISCHE VERKLARINGEN VAN CRIMINALITEIT ................................................................ 24
VOOR WO I ..................................................................................................................................... 24
PSYCHOPATHIE.................................................................................................................................. 24
PCL-R ............................................................................................................................................. 24
FACTOR 1: INTERPERSOONLIJKE FACET ........................................................................................................... 25
FACTOR 2: FACET LEVENSSTIJL...................................................................................................................... 25
FACTOR 2: ANTISOCIALE FACET .................................................................................................................... 25
AANGEBOREN OF AANGELEERD? – ONTWIKKELINGS- EN LEVENSLOOPCRIMINOLOGIE (OLC) ............................... 26
OLC-PERSPECTIEF TOEGEPAST OP PSYCHOPATHIE: RISICOFACTOREN ................................................................... 26
OLC-PERSPECTIEF TOEGEPAST OP PSYCHOPATHIE: ETIOLOGIE ............................................................................ 26
HECHTINGSSTIJLEN – BOWLBY – 1988 .......................................................................................................... 27
OPVOEDINGSSTIJLEN – MACCOBBY & MARTIN – 1983 ................................................................................... 27
BEHANDELBAAR? .............................................................................................................................. 28
BEHAVIORISME ................................................................................................................................. 28
SOCIOLOGISCHE VERKLARINGEN ................................................................................................... 29
ECOLOGISCHE BENADERING.................................................................................................................. 29
CHICAGO-SCHOOL ..................................................................................................................................... 29
CONCENTRISCHE ZONETHEORIE VAN PARK ..................................................................................................... 29
SOCIALE DESORGANISATIETHEORIE SHAW & MCKAY ....................................................................................... 30
STRUCTUREEL FUNCTIONALISTISCHE BENADERING ..................................................................................... 31
ALGEMEEN ............................................................................................................................................... 31
EMILE DURKHEIM ...................................................................................................................................... 31
ROBERT MERTON – ANOMIETHEORIE ............................................................................................................ 33
ALBERT COHEN - SUBCULTUURTHEORIE ......................................................................................................... 34
CLOWARD & OHLIN – DIFFERENTIËLE GELEGENHEIDSTHEORIE ........................................................................... 36
WALGRAVE EN VETTENBURG – THEORIE VAN DE MAATSCHAPPELIJKE KWETSBAARHEID........................................... 39
LEERTHEORIEËN ................................................................................................................................. 40
SUTHERLAND ............................................................................................................................................ 40
MILLER - SUBCULTUURTHEORIE .................................................................................................................... 41
CONTROLETHEORIEËN ......................................................................................................................... 41
2
,HIRSCHI – SOCIALE CONTROLETHEORIE .......................................................................................................... 41
JONGEMAN – CRIMINALITEIT ALS VERZET, MOTIVATIE EN REMMINGEN................................................................ 42
TITTLE – CONTROL BALANCE THEORY ............................................................................................................. 43
DE SITUATIONELE CONTROLETHEORIE ............................................................................................................ 43
RATIONELE KEUZEBENADERING .................................................................................................................... 44
FELSON – GELEGENHEIDSTHEORIE ................................................................................................................ 44
WILSON & KELLING – BROKEN WINDOWS-THEORIE ........................................................................................ 45
LABELLING ....................................................................................................................................... 46
VOORBEELDVRAGEN ..................................................................................................................... 47
1) INLEIDENDE BESCHOUWINGEN ....................................................................................................... 47
2) HISTORISCHE ONTWIKKELING VAN DE CRIMINOLOGIE .......................................................................... 47
3) DE CRIMINOLOGISCHE WETENSCHAP VANDAAG ................................................................................. 48
3
, 1. Inleidende beschouwingen
Definitie criminologie
The term refers to all scholarly, scientific and professional knowledge concerning (1) the
explanation, (2) prevention, (3) control and (4) treatment of crime, delinquency, offenders
and victims, including the measurement & detection of crime, legislation and practice of
criminal law, law enforcement and judicial and correctional systems
Notities
- De focus in criminologie: met wetenschappelijke bril kijken naar misdaden
- Agregatieniveau: in groepen / op groepsniveau
- Niet enkel voor daders, maar ook focus op de slachtoffers
Slachtoffers willen 2 dingen:
> Waarom ik?
> Willen excuses van de dader
- We gaan voorkomen van criminaliteit = preventie, beheersing & interveniëren
(= welke interventie werkt?)
709 VS
400-630
300-400
150-300
Cijfers op 100 000 mensen
138 Engeland
er vast zitten in de
gevangenis per land
131
102
70-90 België
50-70
35
Definitie van criminaliteit
2 grote stromingen:
1) Traditionele criminaliteitsdefinitie
- Eigenschap van een bepaald gedrag
- Verwijst naar de norm (= normatieve definitie)
4
