HNF 150 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Describe the major roles of water - Answer--carries nutrients -cleanses tissue and blood-solvent-> dissolves other substances to create a solution -chemical reactions -lubricant around joints -shock absorber -body temperature Identify the causes, signs and symptoms of dehydration - Answer-Causes: don't drink enough fluids, diuretics, eat lots of salt and sugarSigns of mild: thirst, dry mouth, lack of energy/feeling tired, rough dry skin, sudden weight loss, rapid pulse, low BP, impaired kidney function, reduced urineSigns of severe: pale skin, bluish lips and fingertips, confusion, rapid shallow breathing, weak rapid irregular pulse, shock, seizures, coma, death Recall how water is regulated in the body - Answer-The brain and kidneys regulate water The hypothalamus regulates thirst -salivary glands are detecting blood conc., when its too low we get thirsty -hypothalmus signals a hormone from the pituitary gland - kidneys retain as much water as possible, urine is yellow because trying Recognize the sources of water input and output - Answer-Input- fluids, water content in foods, water produced from metabolism Output-skin perspiration, lung respiration, feces, urine Recognize the differences between soft and hard water - Answer-Soft water- less minerals than hard water-contains mostly NA, maybe K-easier on appliances an pipes-not as palatable hard water-> more minerals overall than soft water (especially Ca and Mg)-about 85% of water in USleaves depositsCompare the safety regulations of tap and bottled water - Answer-BOTTLED- disinfection is NOT required, confirmed e coli is NOT banned, filtering of pathogens is NOT required, and testing for bacteria is done 1/week TAP-disinfection IS required, confirmed e coli IS banned, filtering of pathogens IS required, and testing for bacteria is done hundreds HUNDREDS/month Solvent - Answer-A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances water balance - Answer-the balance between water intake and water excretion, which keeps the body's water content constant Dehydration - Answer-A serious reduction in the body's water content Diuretics - Answer-Drugs that elevate the rate of bodily urine excretion Electrolytes (ions) - Answer-electrically charged ions in solution, (sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, calcium), maintain balance of water outside the cell Ions - Answer-positively and negatively charged atoms Hyponatremia - Answer-deficient sodium in the blood Recognize the roles of minerals in maintaining fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. - AnswerMinerals form salts that dissolve in the body and direct where water goesterm-48 because water follows salt. They separate into electrically charged particles called electrolytes. To control the flow of water, the body moves these electrolytes from one body compartment to another to keep a proper balance State components of food that increase and decrease bioavailablity and absorption, and generalcharacteristics of transport of minerals - Answer-Bioavailability: "degree to which the amount of an ingested nutrient is absorbed and is available in the body"- Food components affect digestion and absorption- Mineral absorption is increased when need is increased: deficiency, pregnancy, etc.Increase:- Gastric acidity- Vitamin C (iron absorption), Vitamin D (Ca, P, Mg absorption) Decrease:- Physic acids = whole grain fibers, breads, legumesOxalic acid = leafy green plantsPolyphenols = tea, chocolate, wineHigh dose of supplements of single minerals 1. Identify the main functions of each mineral in the body, deficiency diseases and/or symptoms for eachmineral, best ways to obtain each mineral from food/main food sources: a. Iodine - AnswerFunctions:1. Aids in regulating the BMR2. Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones: thyroxine and triodothyronine3. Thyroid hormones: Regulate BMR, Macronutrient metabolism, Brain & Nervous System Development, and Growth Deficiency: Goiter, Cretinism Symptoms:1. Goiter - slowed metabolism, feeling cold, depression2. Cretinism - sevre intellectual dsability, loss of hearing and speech, very short statureFood Sources: iodized salt (processed foods), saltwater seafood, seaweed, foods grown in iodine-rich soil, and dairy Identify the main functions of each mineral in the body, deficiency diseases and/or symptoms for eachmineral, best ways to obtain each mineral from food/main food sources: Zinc - Answer-4 MAIN: DNA synthesis, Helps reactions, Antioxidant, digestion 2. Overt: Affects behavior and learning, Assists in immune function, Essential to wound healing, Sperm Production, Taste Perception & Fetal Development3. Deficiency/Symptoms: loss of appetite and sense of taste, delayed growth (stunting) and sexual maturation, immune dysfunction: dermatitis & diarrhea, birth defects & infant mortality Food Sources: mollusks, red meat, seafood, nuts, legumes, whole grain (not fortified in refined grains), dairy (plant-based sources not well abosrbed)Identify the main functions of each mineral in the body, deficiency diseases and/or symptoms for each mineral, best ways to obtain each mineral from food/main food sources: Flouride - Answer-Functions: promotes re-mineralization of tooth enamel Deficiency/symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, seizures, coma Food Sources: fluoridated water, tea, seafood, and seaweed Identify the main functions of each mineral in the body, deficiency diseases and/or symptoms for eachmineral, best ways to obtain each mineral from food/main food sources: Calcium - AnswerFunctions: - stored in bones & teeth 1. Bone remodeling (ongoing process of rebuilding & repair) - bones, teeth, and living tissue 2. Nerve transmission Deficiency: Rickets, Osteoporosis (Osteopenia, Kyphosis) Symptoms: low peak bone mass, bone loss, bone pain, soft bones, bowed legs, short stature/growth retardation, enlargement of ends of long bones, deformities of ribs, poorly formed teeth, weakened muscles, increased Ca in stools & compressed vertebrae and fractures Food Sources: dairy, leafy greens, fortified juices, non-dairy milk and cereals, calcium-set tofu (high oxalate = spinach, swiss chard, rhubarb)-50% of Ca comes from dairy products Identify the main functions of each mineral in the body, deficiency diseases and/or symptoms for each mineral, best ways to obtain each mineral from food/main food sources: Magnesium - AnswerFunctions:1. Assists in enzyme function 2. Energy metabolism 3. Affect metabolism of potassium, calcium & vit D 4. Protein formation 5. Muscular relaxation 6. Provides resistance to tooth decay -Mg and Ca work togetherDeficiency/Symptoms: irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasm, disorientation, nausea, seizures, possible impaired nerve function--Affects Vit D & Ca -- risk of osteoporosis Food Sources: green leafy vegs., squash, beans, nuts, grains, milk, meat, egg & hard water Identify the main functions of each mineral in the body, deficiency diseases and/or symptoms for each mineral, best ways to obtain each mineral from food/main food sources Iron - Answer-Functions: 1. Oxygen transport 2. Iron-Containing enzymes used in energy metabolism 3. Enzyme co-factor in the synthesis of neurotransmitters (brain development) 4. Needed for production of immune cells Deficiency: Anemia (most widespread)Symptoms: fatigue, difficulty in daily activities, impaired immunity; in children = cognitive/developmental impairment Food Sources:--Heme: mollusks (clams, mussels, oysters), meat, fish, poultry--Non-Heme: green leafy vegs., seeds, beans, fortified cereals & grains Identify the main functions of each mineral in the body, deficiency diseases and/or symptoms for each mineral, best ways to obtain each mineral from food/main food sources potassium - Answer-Functions: 1. Principal pos. ion inside body cells 2. Maintains volume of fluid inside of cells 3. Similar functions to Na: nerve signals (maintaining membrane potential), muscle contraction, and fluid balance 4. Some opposite function to Na, K blunts some effects of high Na intake: High K decreases calcium excretion, High K promotes excretion of excess Na, and K intake is assoc. w/ lower BP