NUSCTX 10, Final - UC Berkeley Exam All Possible Questions and Answers with complete solution

Exam I - Answer-Version C What is lipogenesis? - Answer-When your body makes fat from non-fat substances ATP - Answer-Produced in the mitochondria Produced by use of a high proton concentration in the inner membrane space Produced via the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate by the ATP synthase NOT!! Is generated at a rate exactly proportional to weight to the 3/4 power Carbohydrate digestions begins in the - Answer-Mouth Essential Fatty Acids - Answer-Alpha-linolenic acid Linoleic acid Absorptive Processes - Answer-Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Endocytosis Difference between Micronutrients and Macronutrients - Answer-Micronutrients are needed in small quantities Macronutrients are energy-yielding Leading cause of death in the United States - Answer-Cardiovascular disease Kwashiorkor - Answer-EdemaGrowth impairment Functions of lipids in the body - Answer-Energy storage Insulation and padding Promote satiety Fat-soluble vitamin transport Tripeptide - Answer-A chain of three amino acids Anabolic pathways - Answer-Include the synthesis of proteins to form ligaments Use energy to construct cellular components Insulin - Answer-Hormone that helps lower blood glucose levels Order of GI tract - Answer-Stomach Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Large intestine Protein Efficiency Ratio - Answer-How much live weight gain per crude protein intake Central Dogma - Answer-DNA -> RNA-> protein Hormones - Answer-Enable long distance communication between tissues Paracrine Agents - Answer-Enable cell to cell communication in close proximity Accessory Organs - Answer-Salivary glandsLiver Pancreas Gallbladder True Digestibility - Answer-Protein nitrogen from bacteria in your istestine Apparent Digestibility - Answer-How much protein you ate How much protein you excrete Bomb Calorimetry - Answer-Allows an estimate the gross energy content of food tested Effects of Trans Fats - Answer-Lowers HDL Raises LDL Bile - Answer-Emulsifies fats What makes a nutrients "essential"? - Answer-When the nutrient cannot be synthesized in the body, and must be consumed in the diet Recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans - Answer-Balance calories to manage weight Reduce food & food components associated with diseases Increase consumption of food & food components that promote health Gastrin - Answer-Hormone Stimulates secretion of gastric acid Protein and Amino Acids - Answer-Our bodies use amino acids in a specific ratio to each other The protein quality of food is not related to the quantity of protein in that foodA person who is severely ill and losing protein has a negative nitrogen balance An infant who is growing has a positive nitrogen balance Chylomicrons - Answer-Digested lipid components are reassembled into this in the enterocytes lining the small intestine Are released into the lymphatic system Required on the Nutrition Facts Panel - Answer-Serving size Total calories per serving The nutrients in the food product Ingredients in the food product RDA for Protein - Answer-Adults: 0.8 grams/kg of body weight Symptoms of Type I Diabetes - Answer-Frequent urination Extreme fatigue Ketone bodies Extreme hunger Protein Structure - Answer-Peptide bonds link amino acids together Peptide bonds are formed between the acid group of one amino acid and the nitrogen group of the next amino acid If the shape of a protein is altered, its function may be disruptedNormal hemoglobin has a spherical shape Calculating "Energy Out" - Answer-Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Thermic effect on food (TEF) Adaptive thermogenesis (NEAT) Physical activity (PA) Functions of Water in the Body - Answer-Removes waste materials Regulates body temperature Transports nutrients through the body Serves as a solvent Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer-Provide energy Spares proteins Provide sweetness Provide fiber How are carbohydrates stored in the body? - Answer-Glycogen Protein Digestion - Answer-Protein is partially digested in the stomach by pepsin and HCL Final digestion of proteins and amino acids occurs in the small intestine Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and then travel to the liver CCK is a hormone which is involved in protein digestion Benefits of a Balanced Vegetarian Diet - Answer-Lower body weight Better digestive healthReduced risk of some cancers Lower blood pressure Major form in which nitrogen is excreted from the human body? - Answer-Urea