NUSCTX 10 MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Diseases of the 20th Century were mostly - nutrient deficiencies Diseases of the 21st century are mostly due to - nutrition/metabolism-related disorders (not deficiencies) What is the cause of change in diseases from 20th to 21st century? - Obesity Obesity - disorder of body fat (excess body fat to lean tissue) BMI - body mass index (kg/m^2) -BMI 27-30 = overweight -BMI > 30 = obese Prevalence in obesity is (3) - 1.) Higher in low socioeconomic in western world 2.) Higher in minority groups 3.) Drastically increasing in youth and developing countries Pre-diabetic vs diabetic - -Pre-diabetic: 100-125 mg/dL -Diabetic: >125 mg/dL Hyperglycemia - elevated blood glucose level Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes - -Type 1 Diabetes = low levels or no insulin-Type 2 Diabetes = insulin resistance where insulin levels are initially high and creates resistance, to where it can't be produced at adequate levels. Insulin (Liver) - - Increases Glucose Storage - Decreases glucose production Insulin (Fat) - - Increases fat storage - Decreases fat breakdown Insulin (Muscles) - - Increase glucose uptake and storage in form of glucogen - Increase protein synthesis Insulin Resistance leads to - 1) Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) 2) Hypertension (high blood pressure) 3) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 4) Dyslipidemia (high cholesterol) 5) Hyper-coagulable state (risk of blood clots and stroke) Role of genetics w/ insulin resistance - genetics has an effect on the development of the diseases caused by insulin resistance. Diet and lifestyle can sometimes override impact on geneticsMetabolic Syndrome - - Condition multiple metabolic anomalies For metabolic syndrome, you must 3 of 5: - 1) Fasting glucose > 100 mg/dL 2) Weight cirumference: >100 mg/dL 3) Serum triglycerides > 150 mg/dL 4) HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 mg/dL in women 5) Blood pressure > 130/85 Obesity may lead to the following conditions: - - sleep apnea -Cognitive Dysfunction (Alzheimer's) -Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) -Cancer Fitness vs Fatness - Fitness: capacity to do aerobic work (endurance exercise) Fatness: amount of body fat Fitness improves: - - Capacity to transport oxygen to tissues - Capacity of tissues to utilize oxygen- Risk factors for disease (blood cholesterol, blood pressure, blood glucose etc) - (May reduce) disease risk Fit individuals have a lower mortality rate that unfit people ____________ - regardless of fatness _________________ individuals can have a high amount of body fat - Normal weight Types of fat and fat cells - - Visceral fat: "central" or "apple-shaped" obesity associated w/ much worse health outcomes - Subcutaneous fat: gluteo-femoral or "pear-shaped" - Hypertrophic fat cells = large size & are worse for health b/c they may get into blood - Hyperplastic fat cells = many small fat cells As weight is __________, energy expenditure _______________. Will eventually stabilize unless calorie intake continues to ___________. - gained, increases, increase As weight is ____________, energy expenditure _______________. Makes it more difficult to maintain weight loss. - lost, decreases Nutrients are dietary chemicals that provide: - - Energy - Heat - Structure- Regulatory & Signaling molecules 6 classes of nutrients - - Protein -Carbohydrates - Fats/Lipids - Water -Vitamins - MInerals