OCCTH 583 Midterm Exam (Answered;graded A+)

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information - Answer-Dendrites The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus, which processes and integrates information - AnswerCell Body / Soma A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body - Answer-Axon Nerve - Answer-A bundle of axons makes up a ___ Branches of the axon that allow one neuron to pass the signal to multiple effectors - Answer-Axon Collaterals At the axon hillock - Answer-Where is the axon potential generated? The junction between the axon terminals of the pre-synaptic neuron and the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron - Answer-Synapse The gap that separates the pre-synaptic neuron's synaptic bouton and the post-synaptic neuron's dendrite - Answer-Synaptic Cleft The end of an axon or axon, which transmits information to the post-synaptic neuron's dendrite - Answer-Axon Terminal / Synaptic Bouton - Non-Myelinating (Astrocytes) - Myelinating (Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells) - Microglia - Answer-3 Types of Glia Support the neuron by regulating the chemical content of the extracellular space - Answer-Astrocytes FunctionCNS Glial Cells --> One cell myelinates multiple neurons - Answer-Oligodendrocytes PNS Glial Cells --> One cell myelinates one neuron - Answer-Schwann Cells Support the neuron by eating up waste - Answer-Microglia Function - Axodendritic (post-synaptic membrane is on a dendrite) - Axosomatic (post-synaptic membrane is on the cell body) - Axoaxonic (post-synaptic membrane is on another axon) - Answer-3 Types of Chemical Synapses 1. Depolarization 2. Repolarization 3. Hyperpolarization 4. Refractory Period - Answer-Steps in an Action Potential - At (-70mV) because there are more Na+ on the outside than K+ on the inside - Thus, the cell has a (-) charge.......Though K+ has a (+) charge, there are more (-) proteins inside that cause that charge to be (-) - Answer-The Resting Neuron's Voltage - Chemical gradient - Na+/K+ passively diffuses across the cell membrane through their respective ion channels along the gradient - Answer-The difference of Na+ on the outside of the cell vs. K+ on the inside of the cell makes for a ___ ___ . Which means what? - The movement of the ions causes the potential of the cell to CHANGE from its resting potential (-70mV)- This causes a little bump in the action potential graph, but not a full action potential, as it is brought back down by the Na+/K+ pump - Answer-What happens as the Na+/K+ passively diffuses across the cell membrane through their respective ion channels along the chemical gradient? - Using the energy generated by ATP hydrolysis, it returns the cell back to its resting neuron potential - This is done against their concentration gradients, which is why it requires energy (it brings in 2 K+ into the cell for every 3 Na+ it brings out of the cell) - Answer-How does the Na+/K+ pump work? The voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open and Na+ comes rushing into the cell, causing the cell to be more (+) - Answer-The Action Potential (Depolarization) The voltage-gated K+ ion channels open and K+ comes rushing out of the cell, causing the cell to be more (-) again - Answer-The Action Potential (Repolarization) The Na+/K+ pump brings things back to normal resting state - Answer-The Action Potential (Hyperpolarization) After the action potential is sent off, there is a brief time in which the axon cannot fire again - AnswerThe Action Potential (Refractory Period) A phospholipid bilayer which reinforces the cell membrane and increases the speed of transmission - Answer-Myelin - The voltage-gated Ca+ ion channels at the pre-synaptic axon terminal open and Ca+ comes rushing into the cytoplasm of the post-synaptic neuron - This causes the synaptic vesicles (carrying neurotransmitters) to fuse with the cell membrane - The neurotransmitters get sent out and diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to the receptor sites of the post-synaptic neuron's dendrites - Answer-What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?- Ligand-gated ion channels - G-protein coupled receptors - Answer-2 types of neurotransmitter receptors - Amino Acids - Amines - Peptides - Answer-3 categories of neurotransmitters