ANAT 100 Block Theory Test 1 fully solved & updated

Anatomy - answer-The study of structure 4 areas of Anatomy - answer-Histology, Gross Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Embryology. What is "inextricably linked in Anatomy?" - answer-Form and function What is a molecule? - answer-Group of atoms bonded together A molecule is on what level? - answer-Chemical level cells - answer-smallest living structures and are formed from atoms and molecules cells are found at which level? - answer-cellular level Tissues - answer-similar cells that perform specialized functions Tissues are found on which level? - answer-Tissue Level Organ - answer-2 or more tissues that work together to perform complex functions. Organs are found in the? - answer-organ level Organ system - answer-related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function. Organ system are found at what level? - answer-Organ system level Axial - answer-Vertical axis of body Which body parts are found on the axial plane? - answer-Head/neck/trunk Appendicular - answer-limbs or appendages that attach to the axis integumentary system - answer-consists of things that cover our body i.e. skin/hair/nails Skeletal system - answer-bones and joints Muscular System - answer-consists of the muscles of the body Nervous system - answer-Consists of the brain/spinal cord/nerves Endocrine system - answer-glands that produce hormones Digestive System - answer-the mouth to the anus Respiratory System - answer-breathing (nose, air passageways, and lungs) Cardiovascular System - answer-the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Lymphatic System - answer-Structures that initiate immune response urinary system - answer-kidneys, ureters, bladder, and eurethra Reproductive Systems - answer-means for sexual maturation and procreation of each individual Anterior view - answer-Frontal view Lateral view - answer-Side view ventral - answer-Front Dorsal - answer-Back Lateral Dorsal subgroups - answer-Cranial and vertebral Ventral subgroups - answer-Thoracic and Abdomino Pelvic Posterior - answer-towards the rear Proximal - answer-closer to the origin Distal - answer-Away from the origin Superficial layer - answer-closer to the surface of the body Parietal - answer-component of the body walls Parietal components - answer-muscles, connective tissues, and tissues covering the organs. Visceral - answer-lines the outer surfaces of the organs (viscera) that are located within the cavities. medial - answer-toward the midline Lateral (direction) - answer-away from the middle Superior - answer-Above/ towards the head Inferior - answer-below/ towards the feet Anterior/posterior view - answer- Proximal/ Distal - answer- Medial - answer- Lateral - answer- Superior - answer- Inferior - answer- Sagittal Plane - answer-divides body into left and right Midsagittal - answer-line that divides the body in half when using planes Sagittal Plane - answer- Coronal Plane - answer-Vertical plane that divides the body into posterior and anterior parts. Coronal Plane - answer- Horizontal Plane - answer-Divides body into superior and inferior parts Horizontal plane - answer- Oblique Plane - answer-Plane that passes the body on an angle Oblique plane - answer- Longitudinal Plane - answer-Any plane that is perpendicular to the horizontal plane Longitudinal Plane - answer- Section - answer-a cut along a plane making a 3d image a 2d image What are the 4 body quadrants - answer-Upper left, upper right, lower left, and lower right. 4 basic tissues - answer-Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular. Epithelium - answer-Tissue composed of closely apposed cells with very little or no intervening intercellular substance cellularity - answer-tight junctions where are Epithelial cells attached? - answer-Basal Lamina Avascularity - answer-No direct contact with blood vessels Regeneration - answer-Epithelial cells are renewed continuously What are the functions of epithelium? - answer-Support/ protection, Permeability, sensation, and secretion In regard to epithelium what does permeability mean? - answer-allows substances to be absorbed into the body Classification of Epithelium - answer-Simple and Stratified Simple Epithelium - answer-One cell layer thick Stratified Epithelium - answer-2+ cell layers thick What are the 3 different cell shapes of epithelium? - answer-Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar Squamous - answer- Cuboidal - answer- Columnar - answer- How are Epithelial tissues named? - answer-By combining their two classifications. Squamous cell - answer-Flat, thin, wide, and somewhat irregular in shape Cuboidal cell - answer-cube shaped cell Where is the nucleus on a cuboidal cell? - answer-Centrally located Columnar Cell - answer-Cell that is taller rather than wide Where is nucleus of the Columnar cell located? - answer-Basal region Simple Squamous - answer-single layer of flattened cells often found lining blood vessels Simple cuboidal - answer-Single layer of cube cells lining some glands Simple Columnar - answer-Single layer of column shaped cells often found in GI tract. Stratified squamous - answer-Multiple layers of flat shaped cells an example of a stratified squamous cell - answer-Most superficial layer of skin stratified cuboidal - answer-multiple layers of cube shaped cells where would you find stratified cuboidal cells? - answer-Ducts and glands What are functions of stratified cuboidal cells? - answer-Secretion, protection, and strengthening of ducts/glands. Stratified columnar - answer-Multiple layers of columnar shaped cells Where would you find stratified columnar cells? - answer-Male urethra, used for protection and secretion Transitional epithelium - answer-Multi layered cell that allows for stretching Pseduostratified (ciliated columnar) - answer-single layer of cells that are hair like and help move mucous Where would a psedustraified cell be located? - answer-respiratory tract What is the most abundant tissue in the body? - answer-connective tissue Why is connective tissue the most diverse type of tissue in the body? - answer-ranges from soft to hard What are the functions of connective tissue? - answer-Support/ protection, Structural framework, medium for exchange, storage and repair, and defence. Cell components of connective tissue - answer-Fixed and wandering What is a fixed cell - answer-they are a permanent resident of CT What is a Wandering cell - answer-migrants who have entered CT through blood Fibres of Connective tissue - answer-Collagen, Reticular, and Elastic Ground Substance - answer-occupies space between cells and fibres of connective tissue. High water content transparent and colourless and viscous Loose CT - answer-CT with more ground substance and few CT fibres Example of Loose CT - answer-Adipose tissue Function of Loose CT - answer-acts as padding and insulates against heat loss Dense CT - answer-Less ground substance with more CT fibres Example of Dense CT - answer-Elastic tissue Elastic tissue - answer-CT composed of thick parallel elastic fibres What falls under the CT proper category? - answer-Loose CT and Dense CT What falls under the supporting CT category? - answer-Bone and Cartilage What falls under the specialized (fluid) CT? - answer-Blood and Lymph Lymph - answer-interstitial fluid collected into thin walled lymphatic vessels and transported to the cardiovascular system Interstital fluid - answer-fluid that bathes cells Elastic fibres offer - answer-flexibility for CT Collagen fibers offer - answer-tensile strength for CT What are the three main types of CT? - answer-Connective tissue proper, Supporting connective tissue, and specialized connective tissue. Loose CT features - answer-elastic and collagen fibers Dense CT can be found in areas that require lots of? - answer-resistance Achilles is an example of what kind of CT? - answer-Dense CT Osteon - answer-concentric ring of compact bone that houses blood vessels and nerves what are the three subdivisions of Cartilage? - answer-Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic. Hyaline - answer-offers flexibility and is found in edges of moving joints Fibrocartilage - answer-strongest cartilage that is fibre heavy Where is fibrocartilage found? - answer-meniscus and in-between spine What makes blood a connective tissue? - answer-it connects the body, offers metabolic support, and has cells/ ground substance and fibers. What are the two types of tissue diseases? - answer-Rare genetic disorders and acquired disorders What is an example of a rare genetic disorder for tissue disease? - answer-Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome What does EDS effect in the tissue? - answer-collagen What do people with EDS suffer from? - answer-Muscular and skeletal issues What would be representative of EDS? - answer-loose skin Cartilage is found in what parts of the body? - answer-Joints, vertebrae and spine, ears and nose, and the bronchial tubes/airways. Bones are used for? - answer-Support, locomotion, protection, blood cell production, and mineral metabolism. What is the composition of bone? - answer-1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic components in regard to bones what does inorganic mean? - answer-minerals and salt In regard to bones what does organic mean? - answer-Cells, fibres, and ground substances. What is the structural unit of bone? - answer-Osteons Osteons - answer-Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone What are Osteons made of? - answer-concentric rings with a hollow central canal Osteon - answer- What is the Skeletal system composed of? - answer-Bones, Cartilage, joints, and ligaments what percentage of body mass does the skeletal system make up? - answer-20 how many named bones are there? - answer-206 What are the main functions of the skeletal system? - answer-support, movement, protection, storage, and hematopoeisis hematopoiesis - answer-blood cell formation Types of bone - answer-flat, long, short, sesamoid, irregular What do bones store? - answer-Calcium what is calcium critical for? - answer-contraction Bone composition consists of - answer-Outer and inner layer Outer bone layer - answer-Compact bone which is hard and strong Inner bone layer - answer-Spongy and porous like what is the most common bone type? - answer-long bones Epiphysis - answer-Enlarged regions at the end of long bones. it strengthens joints and is the attachment site for tendons and ligaments. Metaphysis - answer-Region between diaphysis and epiphysis diaphysis - answer-elongated cylindrical shaft diaphysis - answer- Epiphysis - answer- metaphysis - answer- What are the features of long bones? - answer-Articular cartilage, Periosteum, and the medullary cavity Articular cartilage - answer-layer of cartilage that cover the epiphysis reduces friction between joints and absorbs shock in moveable joints. Periosteum - answer-dense irregular CT that covers bone Medullary Cavity - answer-Blood cell production The Axial skeleton houses - answer-the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs. Axial Skeleton - answer- What are the 2 bones of the skull? - answer-Cranial and facial How many bones are in the Vertebral column? - answer-26 How many vertebrae are there? - answer-24 where is the sacrum located? - answer-vertebral column Where is the coccyx located - answer-vertebral column How many pairs of ribs are there? - answer-12 How many true ribs? - answer-14 What is characteristic of true ribs? - answer-Connect to sternum How many false ribs are there? - answer-6 True ribs - answer- False ribs - answer- Floating Ribs - answer- Floating ribs are characterized by? - answer-there lack of articulation with the sternum Sternum - answer- What part of the thoracic cage does the sternum makeup? - answer-anterior portion What three parts make up the sternum? - answer-Manubrium, Body, and the Xiphoid process What is characteristic of the manubrium? - answer-Articulates with 1 rib What is characteristic of the sternum body? - answer-articulates with ribs 2-7 Scoliosis - answer-Lateral curvature of the spine Scoliosis is aka - answer-twisted disease Thoracic cage - answer-attaches to the sternum via the ribs and protects the lungs Why do people with scoliosis often develop breathing problems? - answer-ribs and thoracic cavity move out of place and can compress the lungs. How is the appendicular skeleton split? - answer-Upper and lower limbs how many bones are in the upper limbs? - answer-30 The upper limbs extend from where to where? - answer-the pectoral girdle to the hand What are the three sections of the scapula? - answer-Anterior surface, posterior surface, and lateral surface. Anterior surface of scapula is used to? - answer-stabilize the shoulder Posterior surface of scapula houses? - answer-acromin and spine Lateral surface - answer-has the glenoid fossa and contributes to shoulder joint Humerus - answer-Single bone of the arm and links to glenoid fossa of the scapula and shoulder joint what makes up the humerus? - answer-head, neck, and shaft Humerus - answer- Trochlea - answer- Trochlea - answer-articulates with ulna Capichuan - answer-articulates with radius on lateral side Epicondyle - answer-Raised area on or above a condyle Elcronym Fossa - answer-Articulates with Elcronym ulna Forearm is made up of? - answer-Radius and ulna what side is the radius on? - answer-thumb side What makes up the radius - answer-head, neck, shaft, and distal end the head of the radius articulates with.. - answer-capitulum of humerus radius - answer- What does the distal end of the radius articulate with? - answer-Wrist joint and styloid process Ulna - answer- the ulna is composed of - answer-Head, neck and shaft The proximal end of the ulna articulates with... - answer-distal end of the humerus Trochlear notch - answer-C shaped depression which interlocks with the trochlea of the humerus. how many bones make up the wrist? - answer-8 bones how many bones make up the palm/hand? - answer-5 bones what bone type makes up the wrist? - answer-carpal bones What bone type makes up the palm/hand? - answer-metacarpal bones Digits/fingers have how many bones? - answer-14 phalanges Clavicle - answer- Clavicle - answer-Connects with manubrium medially and the scapula laterally scapula - answer- how many bones make up the lower limb? - answer-32 What function does the Pelvic girdle serve? - answer-Attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton What 2 bones form the pelvic girdle? - answer-Ischium and Pubis ischium - answer- Pubis - answer- Ilium - answer- Ilium - answer-The largest bone of the pelvic girdle What does the pubis fuse with? - answer-ilium and ischium ischium and pubic unite with the pubic bone at the? - answer-pubic symphysis The Pubis symphysis is made of? - answer-Fibrocartilage Pubis symphysis - answer- Features of the pelvis - answer-Acetabulum and Obturator Foramen Acetabulum - answer-deep curved depression for articulation with the head of the femur Acteabulum - answer- Obturator Foramen - answer-allows for passage of nerve and blood vessels at the pelvic girdle Obturator Foramen - answer- What 2 bones contribute to the Obturator Foramen? - answer-Ischium and Pubis What are similarities between the pelvic and pectoral girdle? - answer-connects appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton and both glenoid fossa and acetabulum are structures that articulate with the rounded head of long bones. Glenoid Fossa - answer- Acetabulum - answer- What are the differences between the Pelvic and pectoral girdle? - answer-There are different numbers and sizes of bones and the pelvic girdle is larger and more weight bearing. The femur consist of - answer-head/neck/shaft Head of the femur articulates with - answer-the acetabulum of pelvic girdle What does the distal end o the femur do? - answer-Forms the knee joint Medial Condyle - answer- Lateral condyle - answer- Patellar - answer- Trochanter - answer- What are the 2 types of trochanter in the femur? - answer-Greater and Lesser Condyle - answer-A knuckle shape that articulates with another bone What is similar about the femur and humerus? - answer-Structure What is different about the femur and humerus? - answer-Femur is load bearing, bigger, wider shaft, larger circular head, and longer condyles. Tibia - answer- Fibula - answer- The fibula is located (blank) to the tibia - answer-laterally The tibia is located (blank) to the fibula - answer-medially What is a characteristic of the Tibia? - answer-Only weight bearing bone of the leg Tibial tuberosity - answer- medial malleolus - answer- The medial malleolus is located on which end of the femur? - answer-Distal What characteristic differentiates the fibula from the tibia? - answer-Fibula = no weight bearing What is the distal part of the fibula called? - answer-Lateral Malleolus What does the lateral Malleolus provide the ankle with? - answer-stability Lateral malleolus - answer- The proximal end of the fibula consists of? - answer-Medial head which articulates with the tibia, neck, and shaft The distal end of the fibula consists of? - answer-Lateral malleolus Why is Tibia bigger than fibula? - answer-Tibia is weight bearing The ankle consists of which bones? - answer-tarsal bones (short bones) Foot consists of which bones? - answer-metatarsal bones (long bones) Digits/ toes consist of which bones? - answer-phalanges How many bones are in the ankle? - answer-7 how many bones are in the foot? - answer-5 How many bones are in the digits/toes? - answer-14 Articulation/ joint - answer-where a bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth What is a characteristic of mobile joints? - answer-Tend to be the most unstable How are bones classified? - answer-Structurally and functionally Structural classification - answer-based on type of materials that unite the articulating bones Functional classification - answer-based on the extent of movement a bone permits synovial joints - answer-where articulating bones are enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid filled cavity (free moving joints) What are some examples of synovial joints? - answer-Shoulder, knee, and hip joints What are the 4 categories of movement that can be made by synovial joints? - answer-Gliding, Angular, rotation, and special movements. Gliding - answer-motion of bones sliding on one another Angular - answer-Motion that changes a joint angle Flexion - answer-Decreases the angle of a joint (bending) Extension - answer-Straightening of a joint (increasing angle of joint) Flexion - answer- Extension - answer- Abduction - answer-Movement away from the midline Adduction - answer-Movement toward the midline Abduction - answer- Adduction - answer- rotation - answer-joint pivots around its own axis medial rotation - answer-towards the midline lateral rotation - answer-away from the midline What are three examples of special movements? - answer-Supination/pronation, Inversion/eversion, and circumduction Supination - answer-Forearm rotates so the palm faces anteriorly Pronation - answer-forearm rotates so the palm faces posteriorly Supination - answer- Pronation - answer- Inversion - answer-Soles of feet turn medially Inversion - answer- Eversion - answer-soles of the feet turn laterally Eversion - answer- Circumduction - answer-combination of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction (circular motion) Circumduction - answer- What are the three types of muscles? - answer-Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Skeletal muscles aid in - answer-movement Skeletal muscles are attached via - answer-tendons Cardiac Muscles are found in - answer-the heart Smooth muscle is controlled by the? - answer-nervous system or hormones What is characteristic of smooth muscle? - answer-Can be rhythmic or inactive until stimulated smooth muscle can be found in? - answer-intestines How are muscles characterized? - answer-Morphology (form) or function Morphological muscle types include: - answer-Striated, smooth, and functional Where are striated muscles found? - answer-heart and skeletal muscles What is a characteristic of striated muscle fibers? - answer-long muscle fibre cells with multiple nuclei Where are striated muscle cells located in the skeletal muscles? - answer-peripherally Where are striated muscle cells located in cardiac muscles? - answer-centrally Intercalated discs - answer-unique to cardiac muscles which connect heart muscle cells to one another Where are smooth muscle cells found? - answer-blood vessels, digestive system, and viscera. Smooth muscle cells have what kind of nucleus? - answer-single centrally located nucleus fusiform - answer-spindle shaped fusiform shape is found in which kind of muscle cells? - answer-smooth muscle cells What two types of functional muscle's are there? - answer-Voluntary and involuntary muscles Voluntary muscles - answer-consciously controlled Involuntary muscles - answer-not consciously controlled What is an example of an involuntary muscle? - answer-Smooth and cardiac muscles (heart/intestines) What are characteristics of skeletal muscle cells appearance? - answer-Striated, multinucleate, and long/ cylindrical rod What is characterisic of skeletal muscle regulation? - answer-Voluntary What is characteristic of cardiac muscle appearance? - answer-Striated, uni/binucleated, and branching. What is characteristic of cardiac muscle cell regulation? - answer-Involuntary movement (pace maker) What is characteristic of smooth muscle cell appearance? - answer-Not Striated, uninucleateated, and fusiform. What is characteristic of smooth muscle cell regulation? - answer-Involuntary (peristalsis) Peristalsis - answer-Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system. Pace maker - answer-Part of the heart that sends electrical curran to keep the heart beating at a steady pace Excitability - answer-Ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to electrical signals from nerves or stimulation from hormones. Contractibility - answer-when excited by nerve or hormone causes the muscle to shorten and results in contraction How many named skeletal muscles are there? - answer-700 Skeletal muscle makes up how much of human body weight? - answer-1/2 Function of skeletal muscles - answer-movement, posture/stabilization, control excretion, produce heat, and to support and protect internal organs. Skeletal muscle consists of what kinds of tissue? - answer-Muscle and connective CT's function in bones is to - answer-surrounds muscle tissue and attaches the ends of each muscle to bone. Layers of CT - answer-Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. Epimysium - answer-Layer of CT that surrounds entire muscle and connects with tendon Epimysium - answer- Perimysium - answer-surrounds muscle fibres perimysium - answer- Endomysium - answer-layer of CT surrounding individual muscle cell fibres within a muscle bundle Endomysium - answer- Sarcolemma - answer-muscle cell membrane Muscle cell Nuclei - answer-Multinucleated Myofibril - answer-structural units of muscle cell and contain contractile myofilaments Myofilaments - answer-Contractile units of muscle cell Sarcoplasmic reticulum - answer-surrounds myofibril and stores calcium T-tubules - answer-Extension of the sarcolemma that surrounds myofibrils and transmit nerve stimulation to the sarcoplasmic reticulum within the cell. Myofilaments are organized into - answer-repeating structural units known as sarcomeres What happens when sarcomeres are shortened? - answer-muscle contracts Where does one sarcomere span? - answer-From one Z line to the next Actin - answer-Thin filaments Myosin - answer-thick filaments Sarcomere banding - answer-Actin and myosin forming distinct lines and bands A-band - answer-thick and thin filaments and appears darker histologically Z-line - answer-composed of protein and has a zig zag shape. Where does the Z-line reside? - answer-Middle of the I=band M-line - answer-composed of protein down the mid line of the sarcomere I-band - answer-thin filaments and transverses 2 sarcomeres When a muscle contracts what does the actin and myosin do? - answer-slide over each other relaxed sarcomere - answer- fully contracted sarcomere - answer- What are three ways muscle cells are organized? - answer-superficial, intermediate, and deep Muscles of facial expressions - answer-frontalis, orbicularis oculi, Orbicularis iris, and Zygomaticus Frontalis - answer-Covers frontal bones and lifts the eyebrows Orbicularis Oculi - answer-Closes eye on contraction Orbicularis Oris - answer-surrounds mouth enables lips to pucker what two facial muscles are aka kissing muscles? - answer-orbicularis iris and oculi zygomaticus - answer-smiling muscle Zygomaticus - answer- Frontalis - answer- Orbicularis Oculi - answer- Orbicularis Oris - answer- Massester - answer- Sterncleiodmastoid - answer-flexes neck with bilateral contraction, and rotates the head with unilateral contraction. Sternocleidomastoid - answer- Semispinalis capitis - answer- Thorax - answer-midsection aids in breathing External intercostal - answer-aids in inspiration. Internal Intercostal - answer-Aids in expiration Erector Spinae - answer-Run down sides of spinal column and helps keep the spine erect. Transversus Abdominis - answer-used in forced expiration (compresses ab wall) rectus Abdominis - answer-Lies on either side of Linea alba and functions for trunk flexion and forced expiration. Linea alba - answer-line down the middle of the abdomen for muscle attachment Acetabulum - answer-Socket of hip bone where the head of the femur fits Acetabulum - answer-