BMSC 210 Midterm 2 | 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version

BMSC 210 Midterm 2 | 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest 2024 Version What is genetic engineering? - using in vitro techniques to alter genetic material in the lab What is recombinant DNA technology? - the artificial recombination of DNA from two organisms What are some basic techniques of genetic engineering? - DNA amplification electrophoesis nucleic acid hybridization molecular cloning expressing foreign genes targeted mutagenesis What is heterologous expression? - expressing a gene in a different host What is the polymerase chain reaction? - rapid amplification in the number of copies of specific DNA sequences for further analysis What is a thermocycler? - an automated PCR machine What is quantitative PCR? - quantifies initial amount of DNA What are some applications of PCR? - -obtain specific fragments of DNA for cloning -comparative (phylogenic) studies to amplify genes and DNA sequences -amplify VERY small amounts of DNA (forensic) What are the steps in PCR amplification? - 1. DNA is denatured by heating 2. Synthetic piece of DNA flanking sequence of interest is added 3. Add DNA polymerase (Taq or Pfu polymerase) 4. heat and cool - repeat Why is use of thermostable DNA polymerase critical? - because of high temperatures What do PCR require? - DNA polymerase and artificial oligonucleotide primers made of DNA What is reverse transcription PCR? - can make DNA from an mRNA template What enzyme is used in reverse transcription PCR? - reverse transcriptase - converts RNA into complementary DNA What is gel electrophoresis? - the separation of charges molecules using an electric field What are agarose gels stained with? - ethidium bromide DNA cut with different restriction enzymes will have the same or different banding patterns on an agarose gel? - different What is nucleic acid hybridization? - Single strands of DNA, or of DNA and RNA, from related organisms will hydrogen bond to form a double stranded molecule What are nucleic acid probes? - ss DNA fragment complementary to the gene of sequence of interest How are nucleic acid probes created? - cloning, synthesis, denaturing a fragment of DNA What is a southern blot? - a hybridization procedure where DNA is in the gel and probe is RNA or DNA What is a northern blot? - RNA Is in the gel and the probe is DNA or RNA What is FISH? - Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) uses fluorescent probes attached to oligonucleotide What is molecular cloning? - movement of a gene from original source to small genetic element (vector) which can be manipulated What are the main steps of gene cloning? - 1. isolation and fragmentation of source DNA 2. Insertion of DNA fragment into cloning vector 3. Introduction of cloned DNA into host organism What are restriction endonuclease enzymes? - tool