A-Level Edexcel Mathematics Pure Maths Paper 1 2023 (Summer 2023)

A-Level Edexcel Mathematics Pure Maths Paper 1 2023 (Summer 2023) How do you make tertiary chloroalkanes? - ANS-Tertiary alcohol + concentrated HCl How do you make bromoalkanes? - ANS-Alcohols + HBr or PBr3 What compound is used to oxidise alcohols? - ANS-Acidified potassium dichromate (can be used to distinguish between types of alcohols) What does a primary alcohol oxidise to? - ANS-first: aldehyde second: carboxylic acid What does a secondary alcohol oxidise to? - ANS-Ketone Why do tertiary alcohols not oxidise? - ANS-There are no available hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom How can you make alkenes from alcohols? - ANS-Dehydrate them with concentrated phosphoric acid Halogenoalkanes + water - ANS-Substitution reaction that forms alcohols, needs to be carried out in presence of ethanol to dissolve halogenoalkane Halogenoalkane + hydroxide ions - ANS-Substitution reaction that forms alcohols (in presence of silver nitrate, silver halide precipitates form), can heat to increase rate of reaction Halogenoalkanes + cyanide ions - ANS-Substitution reaction that forms a nitrile and increases carbon chain length; must heat under reflux Halogenoalkanes + ammonia - ANS-Substitution reaction that forms aminoalkanes and ammonium salts; must use excess ammonia in a closed, heated container How to make halogenoalkanes from alkanes? - ANS-(for chlorine and bromine) heat/expose to UV light to create free radicals Mass spectrometry - ANS-using lasers to ionise atoms into cations, then measure the abundance and mass using their mass-to-charge ratios Mass to charge ratio - ANS-the mass of an ion divided by its charge (usually +1 in mass spectrometry) units: m/z relative atomic mass - ANS-the average mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 of an atom of the isotope C-12 relative isotopic mass - ANS-the relative mass an atom of an isotope relative to 1/12 of the mass of a C-12 atom relative molecular mass - ANS-the relative mass of a molecule, differs due to different isotopes of the atoms in the molecule relative formula mass - ANS-the average mass the atoms within a unit, used with large ionic compounds where there are more atoms than given in the chemical formula avogadros constant - ANS-the number of particles in 1 mole: 6.02 * 10^23 empirical formula - ANS-the simplest ratio of elements in a compoud percentage composition - ANS-the percentage by mass of each element in a compound