Medicolegal Death Investigation exam with correct answers 2024.

State Statues - answer-Laws passed by the individual state government (Secretary of the State assembles) that governs the state Federal Statutes - answer-Laws passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by the president. Statutes - answer-Laws enacted by the legislative branch of government Vital Statistics - answer-official records of births, marriages, divorces, and deaths Armed Forces Medical Examiner - answer-Who conducts the forensic pathology investigation if the deceased is involved in any federal investigation (County) State Systems - answer-Deaths that occur within the state are investigated by the state Anencephalic - answer-born without a brain Bereavement - answer-state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one Brain death - answer-Final cessation of activity in the CNS, as indicated by a flat EEG or absence of cerebral blood flow for a predetermined amount of time Cardiac death - answer-Final cessation of activity in the cardiovascular system involving the heart and blood vessels Cessation - answer-Final stoppage of action Coroner - answer-Typically an elected official who decides weather a death occurred under circumstances that require an autopsy, either by law or to determine manner or cause of death. A coroner can determine the scope of an autopsy and who will perform it if the elected coroner is not qualified. Only Kansas, Louisiana, North Dakota and Ohio require that coroners be medical doctors. Jurisdiction - answer-The power of authority a court or office has over individuals or trauma Legal next-of-kin - answer-The person from whom the medicolegal death investigator must secure consent before initiating any procurement activity Medical examiner - answer-Usually a medical doctor, although not necessarily a highly trained pathologist. Like a coroner, a medical examiner decides weather a death occurred under circumstances that may require an autopsy and who will perform it if the medical examiner is not qualified. A medical examiner is usually appointed to the position and may have jurisdiction for a county, district or state. OPO (organ procurement organization) - answer-Agency responsible for identifying potential donors, obtaining convent and procuring organs Postmortem changes - answer-Alterations of the body following death, including decomposition and environmental resuscitative injuries Resuscitate - answer-to revive, bring back to consciousness or existence Verify - answer-Establish or confirm the accuracy of information or evidence through testimony Empathy - answer-the ability to understand and share the feelings of another Sympathy - answer-feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune Orthodox Jews - answer-Object to autopsy. If needed, must be performed before sundown on the day the person died Muslim - answer-No official concern Jehovah's Witnesses - answer-Not opposed Catholic - answer-Not opposed Laotians (Hmong) - answer-Generally opposed Mexican Catholic - answer-Opposed, unless required by law Protestants/Christian Scientists - answer-Not opposed Native Americans - answer-Generally object to autopsy Antimortem blood sample - answer-Initial blood sample attained when the subject arrives to the hospitals emergency room, before additional diagnostic or therapeutic treatment is initiated Authorization - answer-official permission or approval granted by supervisor Confidential - answer-Revealed in confidence to be kept secret Cremation - answer-Reduction of a dead human body to inorganic bone fragments by intense heat in a specially designed chamber Demographic information - answer-Personal identifying and specific information regarding an individual's age, social security number, gender, age, address and so on Disinterment - answer-Opening of a grave and removal of a body for the purpose of reexamination or removal to another site Embalmer - answer-a person, properly licensed, who disinfects, preserves, or restores a dead human body Euphemism - answer-a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt Funeral director - answer-A person properly licensed, engaged in, or conducting, or holding himself out as being engaged in: 1) preparing, other than by embalming, for the burial or disposition of dead human bodies; 2) maintaining or operating a funeral establishment for the preparation and disposition, or for the care of dead human bodies. Guardianship or power of attorney - answer-Legal authorization to act on another individual's behalf. This authority usually ceases after death so be sure to check the law in your state. Interrogation - answer-formal questioning by persons in authority, usually law enforcement Interview - answer-Formal face-to-face conversation between a reporter/medicolegal death investigator and a person from whom information is sought (witness) Media - answer-Any news agency and its representatives Objective report - answer-Report made in an independent and unbiased manner, without regard for personal attitudes rather thoughts Pathologist - answer-A physician trained in the identification and diagnosis of disease and injury who may perform autopsies Pedigree - answer-List of ancestors on a person's family tree The public - answer-Any person or agency not officially affiliated with or recognized as a member of your office Religious objection - answer-A family's objection to the performance of an autopsy based on their religious beliefs Retort - answer-A vessel or chamber in which substances are decomposed by heat (cremation) Self-inflicted - answer-Infliction of injury or death on oneself Statutory - answer-Authorized by law Clandestine - answer-(adj.) secret, concealed; underhanded Autoeroticism - answer-sexual self-stimulation; for example, masturbation involving asphyxia to heighten sexual pleasure Hold-harness agreement - answer-A signed agreement or contract in which the signing parties agree not to file action for any injuries against the receiving party that might arise out of the contract or agreement Public Information - answer-Information the public has a legal right to know and that cannot be withheld Survivors - answer-Those persons family/friends will remain alive after the death of someone else (Family or friend) Ambient - answer-A condition that completely surrounds or encompasses something Anomaly - answer-A marked deviation from normal; congenital defects Chain of custody - answer-A list of all people who came into possession of an item of evidence Coordinated method of measurement - answer-Measurement of evidence from a fixed point along a baseline Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CIDS) - answer-A process by which emergency personnel are offered to support necessary to reduce job-related stress Demographic information - answer-Data specific to a given individual such as identification next of kin and address. typically provided in table format Dental records - answer-Written charts and radiographs of an individual's teeth Dependent - answer-The supporting Surface of the body Diagram - answer-And illustrative outline of a tract of land or something else that can be projected in a linear fashion which is not necessarily intended to be perfectly accurate DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - answer-The genetic material passed through from cells of one generation to another Electrolytes - answer-Components of a solution containing dissolved acids, bases or salts forming constituents of tissue Fluid, plasma and cellular fluid (e.i. Sodium, potassium bicarbonate, and chloride) Exploding view or cross projection drawing type - answer-Similar to the floor plan today with folded out walls helpful and documenting bullets or blood strains on the wall F-stop (aperture) - answer-The light gathering ability of the lens on the camera Film speed - answer-ASA/ISO/DIN Indicates the speed of the film. The higher the ASA/ISO number the less available light is required to take a picture. For example 100 or 200 film is good for bright days whereas 400 would be more appropriate for overcast conditions Floor plan view drawing type - answer-Overhead view of the scene detailing evidence in relation to the Surroundings HAZ/MAT (hazardous materials unit) - answer-The agency charged with the responsibility for planning preparedness and response actions related to spills or discharges of oil and hazardous materials to the environment Incident command system - answer-A standardize system of managing assigned resources for affective and efficient control of any emergency event Liver Mortis (Lividity) - answer-Postmortem settling of the blood into the dependent portions of the body Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) - answer-Descriptive data provided by the manufactures and distributors of hazardous material Multiple Fatality incident - answer-Any multiple fatalities event that exceeds the normal capabilities and preparedness of an agency requiring additional resources man power and response from that agency Narrative report - answer-And objective report of the investigative process written in Chronological fashion NCIC (National Crime Information Center) - answer-And identified person's files that allow data on these persons to be compared to your computer. Also NCIC allows dated to be entered into a computer based system that contains information regarding reported missing persons OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) - answer-Part of the US Department of labor the regulatory and enforcement agency for safety and health in most US industrial site Planning - answer-Recording a video of a scene starting at point a and slowly moving the camera across the scene to point B Peripheral blood - answer-Blood recovered from the arteries and veins in the extremities or head region Poison control center - answer-Provides medical information on a 24 hour basis for investigation or incident involving potentially poisonous material prone position - answer-lying face down Reconstruct - answer-to put something together, to build again Rigor mortis (rigidity) - answer-Postmortem stiffening of the body Radiation safety officer (RSO) - answer-Designated individual who is trained and certified to handle radiation hazards Scene perimeter - answer-The boundary around a death scene Sclera - answer-The so-called white of the eye consisting of a tough fibrous tissue Search and rescue - answer-Volunteers trained in seen searching processing and rescue Single lens reflex (SLR) camera - answer-The type of camera that has interchangeable lenses Subclavian Vein - answer-The large vein draining the arm which unites with the internal jugular vein Supine - answer-lying on the back Three dimensional drawing type - answer-Used to collaborate a picture Trace evidence - answer-Potentially hidden objects that can show a connection among the scene of the crime in the perpetrator Transference of evidence - answer-The movement of physical evidence from one surface to another Trauma resolution - answer-A progression of Trumatic stress management that consist of education and monitoring of physical and mental capabilities following people's responses to multiple fatalities events Triangulation a method of measurement - answer-Measurement of evidence in relation and reference to two or more reference points useful for outside scenes Universal precautions - answer-Recommendations that must be followed if contact with blood or bodily fluid is likely Ventricular fibrillation - answer-Abnormal heart rate which typically results in death Zooming - answer-Using a multi focal length lens to photograph the same Bribe - answer-Money or favorite offered to influence the conduct of a person in a position of trust Civil law - answer-The body of law that describes the private rights and responsibilities of individuals and involves actions filed by one person against another Conflict of interest - answer-The actual or seeming influence or reward of team to perform a duty or function Criminal law - answer-The body of law that deals with crimes against society and their punishments these laws are prosecuted by the state Cross examination - answer-Examination of a witness by an adverse party other than the one who is called the witness to give testimony Disposition - answer-A procedure used in preparing for litigation whereby a witness is placed under oath and attorneys for both sides are given an opportunity to question him or her. Depending on the jurisdiction of the testimony maybe Presented as evidence or used to determine a witnesses testimony during the trial Direct examination - answer-The questioning of a witness by party who has called the witness to render testimony Indigent - answer-Destitute property stricken Jurisdiction - answer-The power or authority of a court or office over individuals and or property Subpoena - answer-Illegally enforceable order to present oneself at a specified time And place generally to testify or produce in authenticate documents or items Unclaimed remains - answer-Bodies or body parts for which the individual responsible for disposing of the remains is on identified or is unwilling to take the responsibility -Ectomy - answer-Ectomy is a surgical procedure done to remove something. I.e. tyroidectonomy, pneumonectonomy -Ostomy - answer-And asked me is in operative procedure in which an artificial opening is created. I.e. colostomy and tracheostomy -otomy - answer-Add to me is a procedure done for the purpose of entering something creating a hole that is usually closed surgically (laparotomy) -plasty - answer-A plasty is a procedure done to restructure a portion of the anatomy usually without removing anything Abrasion - answer-Superficial loss of skin by the process of friction Affect - answer-The conscious subjective aspect of an emotion typically considered a part from bodily changes AFIS (Automatic fingerprint identification system) - answer-A comprehensive method of identifying fingerprints AIDS - answer-And infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus Anemia - answer-Deficiency of red blood cells Aneurysm - answer-An abnormal permanent dilation of an order he usually caused by infection or atherosclerosis Angiography - answer-The radiographic visualization of blood vessels after they are filled with contrast media Antemodem - answer-Occurring before death Antibody - answer-A protein that attaches to or in activates a specific antigen Anticoagulant - answer-The chemical that prevents blood from clotting (EDTA-Purple topped tube, sodium fluoride-grey topped tube, heparin-Green topped tube) Arthropod - answer-Any of the phylum of a invertebrate animals that have a jointed body and limbs Anoxia - answer-lack of oxygen to be clean incompatible with life Asphyxia - answer-Lack of oxygen in the tissues of the body and interference with the oxygenation of the blood Autopsy - answer-In medical examination of the decedent which includes an external and an internal examination in which bodily tissue and fluids are recovered to determine or document the cause and manner of death Benign - answer-A disease that is not malignant and usually has a favorable outcome berry aneurysm - answer-A small aneurysm of a cerebral artery which may rupture causing a subarachnoid hemorrhage Blood-borne pathogen's - answer-Micro organisms that are present in the blood and can cause disease in humans. These include we're not limited to HIV and HBV/hepatitis B virus Botanical - answer-Pertaining to the study and identification of the properties of plants i.e. roots leaves bark and seeds Carbon monoxide - answer-It is odorless, Colorless very toxic gas that burns two carbon dioxide With a blue flame it is formed as a product of the incomplete combustion carbon Carcinoma - answer-Malignant tumor of tissue lines Cardio myopathy - answer-Any chronic disorder affecting the muscle of the heart CAT (computerized axial tomography) scan - answer-Special procedure for taking radiographs of soft tissue Cirrhosis - answer-Liver disease characterized by Fibrosis and degeneration of the liver Contamination - answer-The presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials Contusion - answer-Any injury which the surface of the skin is intact and the underlying issue is crushed or otherwise injured. Example - a bruise Delusion - answer-A misconception about the self that does not correspond to reality Depression - answer-A condition characterized by marked sadness and activity difficulty in thinking and concentrating and increase or decrease in appetite a change in sleeping habits and feelings of dejection and hopelessness Dialysis - answer-Separation of the components of fluid by diffusing them through membranes Diastolic blood pressure - answer-Resting blood pressure occurring during heart relaxation DNA. - answer-deoxyribonucleic acid, Which is contained in all chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell Document examiner - answer-An expert in the identification and comparison of handwritten printed and typed document DPT vaccination - answer-An inoculation Administered to present the infectious diseases of diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough) and tetanus Emphysema - answer-Pathologic accumulation of air or gas in the lung Entomologist - answer-A person who studies bugs Epidural anesthesia - answer-And anesthetic that is injected into the epidural space of the spine typically at the L2-L3 vertebrae space or lower Geological - answer-Pertaining to the physical history of the earth it's physical changes and processes HBV - answer-Hepatitis B virus Glomerulonephritis - answer-Fibrosis and scarring of the blood vessel structure and the kidney Health maintenance organization (HMO) - answer-A group of physicians and hospitals and clients that combine to provide comprehensive medical care at a lower cost to the patient Hematemesis - answer-The vomiting of blood Hemolysis - answer-Disruption of blood cell membrane Hilt mark - answer-An abrasion near the entry of a stabbing caused by the knife handle Histological - answer-Pertaining to the microscope structure composition and function of the tissues HIV - answer-Human immunodeficiency virus Hormone - answer-A chemical substance produced in the body which controls the activity of another organ. I.e. Growth-thyroid, stimulation-epinephrine Hypoxia - answer-A decrease in the amount of oxygen in the tissue Intravenous - answer-A method of administering a substance by injecting into the vein Larvae - answer-Insects in the early stages of life cycle Laser - answer-Light amplification through stimulated and mission to radiate ultraviolet light or electromagnetic energy of short wave length Latent fingerprints - answer-Fingerprints that cannot be readily observed with the naked eye Ligature - answer-Something used to bind a portion of the body, for example, in a hanging, a ligature around the neck would decrease the flow of oxygen, and causing asphyxia Malignant - answer-Processing the ability to mastastazie, Invade and replicate abnormally Malpractice - answer-The failure of a professional to adhere to acceptable standards of his/her profession in which he/she rendered services Mast suit - answer-A suit that is placed on the body and inflated to elevate your blood pressure and victims suffering from profound shock and hypotension Metastasis - answer-The spread of a disease from one organism to another without direct connection NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) - answer-Specialized radiographic studies that allows is several-dimensional viewing of the body Occupational exposure - answer-Reasonably anticipated skin, Eye, mucous membrane or Parenteral content with blood or other potentially infectious materials while performing on strong Odontologist - answer-A dentist with special knowledge of teeth, their structure, and their development Osteoporosis - answer-Decrease in bone calcification which results in easy fracture Other potentially infectious materials - answer-Semen, vaginal fluid, cerebral spinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, Pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva, and any fluid visibly contaminated with blood Overlying - answer-The active one person smothering-asphyxiation another by lying over him or her Paranoia - answer-Excessive suspiciousness or distrustfulness Parenteral - answer-Mucous membrane or skin barrier that can be penetrated by such things as needles sticks, human bites, cuts, and abrasions Peripheral blood - answer-Blood contained and veins located outside of the heart and aorta Personal protective equipment - answer-Special clothing or equipment one by an employee for protection against a hazard Petechial hemorrhage - answer-Any tiny pinpoint hemorrhage that results one small capillaries first pressure, commonly seen in the eyes of people who died by strangulation Physical evidence - answer-And it's related to a crime scene, these include hair, semen, blood, explosives, paint, powder residue, and so on Prognosis - answer-The probable outcome of a disease Pneumothorax - answer-Accumulation of air in the chest cavity Pulmonary edema - answer-Accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue and airwaves Pyleonephritis - answer-Infection of the kidney Radiography - answer-The creation of film records of internal structures of the body through the use of x-rays Rheumatic heart disease - answer-Heart disease related to previous streptococcal bacteria infection Search warrant - answer-A legal document issued by a court official that allows entrance to and searching of another's private property Sepsis - answer-He talks a condition resulting from the presence of micro organisms or other toxins in the blood Serology - answer-The identification of blood types Linear - answer-straight line, 180 degrees Larynx - answer-voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords Abrasions - answer-scrapes Furrow - answer-to make wrinkles or grooves Hypothermic paradoxical disrobing - answer- Death - answer-The cessation of life, seizing to exist, defined by physicians as the total stoppage of circulation of blood, and a cessation of animal and vital functions consequent therapy pond, such as respiration, pulsation etc. Ocular signs of death - answer-Loss of corneal and light reflex, segmentation of retinal Blood columns, maybe preceded by railroading. Reduction of intraocular pressure, immediate drop with cessation of cardiac activity, Falls to 0 within two hours Used in assessment of rigor mortis - answer-Used for time estimation of death, postmortem movement of body Accelerating factors for rigor mortis - answer-High fever at death, high environmental temperature, strenuous activity premortem, intense emotional excess premortem Delaying factors of rigor mortis - answer-Called environmental temperatures, low muscle mass, young age or elderly Delaying factors for livor mortis - answer-Exsanguination or loss of blood, severe anemia or other loss of blood was present prior to death Reasons for cherry red livor mortis - answer-Carbon monoxide, extreme cold, cyanide, cold moist storage Tardieu spots - answer-minute petechial hemorrhages caused by the rupture of minute vessels as blood settles into the dependent areas of organs and tissues; it is accompanied by livor mortis. A postmortem, extravascular blood discoloration. Most common in asphyxial or slow deaths. Cyanosis (head and neck) - answer-a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. Presents itself like livor mortis Algor Mortis - answer-The cooling of the body after death Types of ways a body loses temperature/Algor mortis - answer-Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation Autolysis (decomposition) - answer-Enzymatic breakdown of fat, complex proteins and carbohydrates Seen in still-born infants White-grey: loss of carotene pigments Deep yellow: High unsaturated fatty acids Red, pink or blue: Hemoglobin breakdown Green tone: sulfhemoglobin Putrefaction (decomposition) - answer-Digestion of tissue do Microbial action, maybe from inside body or external environment, liquefaction, has production 24-36 hours post mortem Increasing features of decomposition - answer-Heat, insects, fire deaths Decreasing rate of decomposition factors - answer-Cold Maceration - answer-softening of tissue by soaking, Seen only in IUFD (Intrauteral fetal death) Five days to fully develop Skin slippage Overlapping sutures maybe present with skull bones Mummification - answer-Drying and shriveling of tissue. Scene and cool dry climates Adipocere formation - answer-Hydrolysis of fat forming cheesy substance, occurs and cool moist climate stages of putrefaction - answer-gas formation, blistering, greasy mass, Bloating, marbling, liquified, Skin blistering skin slippage, purge fluid's, skin splitting, fungal growth, And eventually skeletonization or drying out to mummification Military plaques - answer-Rare decomposition, scene in advance decomposition, small white granules on the heart and endocardium Luminescence - answer-Rare decomposition, contamination with luminescent bacteria or fungi Insect infestation - answer-Flies, Carrion Beatles, Ants, roaches Aquatic damage/infestation - answer-Crabs, aquatic animals Fly infestation - answer-Eggs Lane within few minutes of death, moist areas favored such as lips, eyes, orifices. Hatching species dependent, about 24 hours. Carrion beetle - answer-Inveigh deep tissue wants soft tissue is gone. Indicates postmortem interval of weeks to months Ants and roaches - answer-Small, irregular erosions (red almost unscab-like shallow errosions) of epidermis. Soft tissue such as eyes, lips, ears and in injured, broken areas of epidermis. May and large a pre-Mortem injury. May have reddish base from drying, absence Of vital reaction distinguishes from premortem injury Types of aquatic damage - answer-Algae: Submerged or in moist conditions, disfiguring growth, black red or green. Aquatic insects: larvae, colonization may appear as webs, erosions, fiber-like strands. Poorly studied and may look bizarre. Crabs: exposed soft tissue. Nose, eyes, lips, anus, genitals, massive damage in short time. Carnivores: bites, mutilation, dismemberment Edema - answer-puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid CPR - answer-Can cause fractures Fly bites - answer-Black or reddish spects Purge/vomit can cause - answer-Tanning of the face due to gastric juices Senile purpura - answer-Blackening or tanning of elderly skin, discoloration. Small or massive. Ulceration maybe present. Normal aging process. Septic purpura - answer-Large hamoragic lesions. Dying from infection/bacterial sepcis. Green, black, purple spots Heat affects from fire deaths - answer-Fractures of the cranium and long bones, they can be curved out word as a result from gas in marrow and cranium Pugilistic posture: Flexion of muscles, protruding tongue, postmortem contracture, not body position at death Charting of body, expose viscera Hair will be lightly colored, gray hair can turn brassy blonde or at a higher temperature turn red Skin: small patches maybe present and protected areas such as skin folds or lowering radical I D. Blistering very rapid, indicates Anti-Mortem injury. Massive thermal burns produce rapid extracellular fluid that may tear skin N Anti-Mortem injury. Viscera - answer-the internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen, e.g., the intestines. Asphyxia - answer-condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen Can occur from compression of the neck, obstruction of the airway, compression of the chest, or exclusion of oxygen meaning no oxygen in the air Suffocation - answer-Inability of oxygen to reach the lungs Can occur due to obstruction of the airway such as smothering or choking or due to exclusion of oxygen such as confined spaces, entrapment, spoiled or impaired atmosphere such as a gas leak Epiglottis - answer-A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering. Smothering versus choking - answer-Smothering is above the epiglottis and choking is below the epiglottis Aspirate - answer-to withdraw fluid or suction fluid; also to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract Forms of strangulation - answer-Hanging, ligature strangulation(pipe pressed on neck), manual strangulation (hands pressing on neck) Forms of mechanical asphyxia - answer-Traumatic asphyxia which is restriction of trust movement due to heavy object pressing against the chest (car accident) Positional asphyxia is restriction of chest movement due to the position the body is in (falling drunk into a position) Furrow - answer-groove from ligatures Suggesting accidental suicide i.e. auto erotic death - answer-Pornography at the scene, no suicide note, escape mechanism built into ligature apparatus, hidden location where the act was performed, efforts to protect the neck from injury by ligature Blunt force injury - answer-mechanical injury to body resulting in tearing, shearing, or crushing; most common injury seen in healthcare, caused by firm/dull blows or impact, MVA, and falls. Can see patterns of the object Blunt force entry patterns - answer-Contusions, abrasions, laceration, (road rash, brush burn, chop injury, avulsion) Contusion - answer-Bruise, black and blue mark. Blood and tissue, color changes, may have patterns Abrasions - answer-Removal of superficial layer of skin. Directional component, may have patterns. Friction of skin against object causing injury, such as road rash. Laceration - answer-Tearing of skin. Irregular edges with contusions. May also occur in internal organs. May also have patterns Undermining in blunt force trauma - answer-Tissue underneath blunt trauma may have disruption. Almost looks like hamburger meat/pulpifyed Contusion patterns - answer-May reflect an object used overtime. Such as flexible objects like whips, belts and children or adults Bite marks - answer-Considered considerations and slight abrasion in semi circular pattern. Can leave trace evidence, DNA and molds can be taken Conditions that predispose for contusions - answer-Chronic alcoholism may have massive bleeding and contusions from faulty clotting. Laceration of pre-orbital tissue may produce massive bleeding. Old people are more prone due to vessels being Fragile. Variety of premortem conditions such as infections vasculitis drug used etc. Avulsion - answer-Disruption of normal tissue within laceration, may result in complete separation. Type of blunt laceration Fractures - answer-Breaking of bones may be internal or X ternal Dicing injury - answer-Small abrasions and cuts, especially on the face, caused by shattered window glass due to a car crash Brush burns - answer-Common in motor vehicle or motorcycle accidents with ejection of occupant on the road. May appear to be a burned area due to chard skin. Raccoon eyes are from - answer-Fracturing of the internal front of skull resulting in hemorrhage First-degree burn - answer-Superficial burns through only the epidermis., sunburn Second-degree burn - answer-A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn., may scar Third-degree burn - answer-a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue, needs skin grafting Fourth-degree burn - answer-total evacuation (absence) of tissue, charring of the tissue Cardiovascular disease - answer-A general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Coronary atherosclerosis - answer-Clogging of the coronary vessels with fatty buildup Bridging - answer-Left anterior descending coronary artery instead of lying in the epicardial fat of the heart dips down into the myocardium. In bridging, there's a compression of the vessel during the stall with either partial or complete occlusion of the lumen Dissecting coronary aneurysm - answer-a tear forms in an artery in the heart. This can cause blood to pool in the area between the layers. Blood trapped between the layers can form a blood clot (hematoma). SCAD can reduce or block blood flow through the artery, which can cause a heart attack Coronary artery spasm - answer-a sudden closing of an artery, which cuts off blood flow to the heart and causes symptom of angina or heart attack Hypertensive cardiovascular disease - answer-stage of hypertension when elevated blood pressure causes both cardiac abnormality and vascular damage Cardiomyopathy - answer-the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle Valvular disease - answer-disease of any heart valve Coronary artery anomalies - answer-Artery could be compromised or obstructed Myocarditis - answer-inflammation of the heart muscle Aortic dissection - answer-diagnosis in which the arterial wall splits apart Intracranial lesions - answer-Most common art epilepsy, nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, meningitis, and tumors Epilepsy - answer-chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage - answer-second most common cause of sudden unexpected death due to natural disease with multiple causes (Arteriovenous malformations, sickle cell, etc) Berry aneurysms - answer-aneurysms of small vessels in the brain, leads to Not traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage Intracerebral hemorrhage - answer-bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain Brain tumors - answer-abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges Meningitis - answer-Dangerous infection of the outer lining of the brain, Inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection. Reyes syndrome - answer-potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting, Convulsion,coma, hyperglycemia, elevated blood ammonia, Pneumonia - answer-An inflammation of lung tissue, wherer the alveoli in the affected areas fill w/fluid Hemoptysis - answer-coughing up blood exsanguinate - answer-To remove all blood Tuberculosis - answer-An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs Bronchiectasis - answer-abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus spleen function - answer-the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as a blood reservoir, disintegrates old red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes and plasmids Pancreas function - answer-regulates blood sugar (insulin & glucagon) Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of food produces digestive enzymes for fats, carbs, and proteins Gastrointestinal tract - answer-The stomach and intestine as a functional unit. Liver function - answer--*Production* of bile, certain blood plasma proteins, cholesterol -*Storage* of excess glucose in the form of glycogen -*Regulation* of amino acids and blood clotting -*Processing* of hemoglobins -*Conversion* of ammonia -*Purification* of the blood -*Controlling infections* by boosting immune factors and removing bacteria. Adrenals Gland - answer-located just above the kidneys; produces hormone that regulates blood sugar level Bumper fractures - answer-Fractures of extremities involving legs with motor vehicle-pedestrian accidents Focal fractures - answer-Typically only one bone is fractured, overlying soft tissue injury is relatively minor for example an abrasion, contusion, or small laceration Crush fractures - answer-several comminuted fractures Over a large area which will also result in extensive soft tissue injuries Traction fractures - answer-application of a pulling force to a body part to provide reduction, alignment, & immobilization -----> *weight of the limb hands freely* Rotational fractures - answer-The bonus twisted and a spiral fracture is produced Vertical compression fractures - answer-Produce an oblique fracture of the body of long bones, with the hard shaft of the long bone driven into the cancel us end. Such fractures may occur following impact of the end of the femur into an instrument panel and motor vehicle crashes Angulation and compression fractures - answer-The fracture line is curved with an oblique component due to compression and a transverse component due to angulation Iatrogenic rib fractures - answer-Occurs during CPR, the patient may sustain multiple rib or sternal fractures Pathologic rib fractures - answer-Occur in primary bone disease and tumors of bone Exsanguination - answer-bleeding to death incised wound - answer-a cut that is longer than it is deep Stab wounds - answer-deeper than they are long, penetration of pointed object Sharp force injury with contusion - answer-Wound with redness, contusion, around the sharp area (maybe from a knife handle) Blunt force (laceration) - answer-Superficial cut with tearing Sharp force injuries will - answer-Wounds gap open Hilt mark - answer-Mark from knife handle in addition to stabbing/sharp force injury Hesitation marks - answer-Shallow, variable depth, variable length, vital reaction Skull fracture locations - answer-Roof of orbit: falls to the back of the head; blows to the top of the head Longitudinal (front-back): impact to face/forehead or reverse Transverse (side-side, hinge fracture): side impact Ring (separates foramen magnum): falls impact on feet or buttock; very forceful impact in chin (MVA) Extremity fracture types - answer-Falls on feet, tibia maybe driven through bottom of feet Colles's fracture - answer-Distal end of radius-falls in outstretched arm Fracture of calcaneus - answer-Common with falls unpack in heels Calcaneus - answer-heel bone Compression of chest happens when - answer-Run over by vehicle, causes rib Arcturus in adults but may have no effect to children visceral - answer-pertaining to the internal organs Cardiac intraventricular - answer-Heart may rupture with Blow, steering wheel impact Visceral injuries - answer-Stomach: rupture from sudden blow if stomach is full and relaxed Urinary bladder: rupture from blow from fractured pelvis Ring fracture (skull) - answer-Vertebral column driven through foramen- landing on feet/butt Long distance falls - answer-Vertebral compression Separation of heart from roots of heat vessels. Maybe driven through pericardium and diaphragm Or rupture Laceration of aorta at ligamentum, horizontal tears in internal carotids Sever genital, perineal and urethra injury with perineal impact Perineal - answer-region between the anus and external genitalia Pericardium - answer-Membrane surrounding the heart Carotid - answer-main artery of the neck Resuscitation injuries - answer-Fracture of sternum, middle or junction if body Lung: tears, free air in tissue; remote parenchymal and subpleural blood with aspiration Liver: tears from direct compression and pulling ligaments Heart: hemorrhage from intracrdiac injection Trachea: abrasions from intubation common Spleen, esophagus: occasionally lacerated, ruptured direct current - answer-an electric current that flows in one direction steadily; used in batteries Alternating current - answer-A flow of electric charge that regularly reverses its direction. Used in houses, 120V AC AC/DC death - answer-Above AC: 100mA DC: 3000mA Renal - answer-pertaining to the kidney "Hold on" injury (electrical) - answer-500V Electrical Mark - answer-Round, oval, shallow craters with surrounding ridge raised skin. Pale white center. Joule Mark (endogenous) - answer- Joule Mark (endogenous - answer- Osteronecrosis - answer-Pea-sized hollow gray nodules on surfaces from electro-thermal effect