RNSG 1301 Pharmacology questions with answers graded A+

RNSG 1301 PharmacologyAdditive Effect (Response?) - correct answer 1+1=2 pharm drug interaction: The effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the effect of the two chemicals taken separately. This is usually due to the two chemicals acting on the body in the same way. Two drugs from a similar therapeutic class produce a combined summation response. This is used extensively when treating hypertension. A diuretic may be used to lower systolic blood pressure and a beta blocker may be added to the regimen to produce an additional reduction. combined the two drugs produce a larger reduction than they do separately. Keeping the doses low, yet combining them produces a larger effect and cuts down on potential adverse events. PP: Drug Interactions: The response elicited by combined drugs = the combined responses of the individual drugs 1 + 1 = 2 Adverse Reaction - correct answer pg 66 adverse drug effect is an undesirable and potentially harmful action caused by the administration of medication. (Adverse events). Serious effects that are harmful. May be specific to a single type of tissue or affect multiple organ systems. Worse than side effect. As dose increases, risk of adverse effects increase. Teach patients about adverse effects to help prevent them. DFA monitors for new adverse events after approval and marketed. (Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) to report suspected adverse effects. PP: Drugs affect other sites in the body in addition to that for which they were prescribed & evoke a variety of responses in these sites. Adverse affects of drugs: (Side effects, Toxic Effects, Allergic reactions, Idiosyncratic effects). Agonist - correct answer 1+1 = less than: Drug interaction: The sum of two chemicals is actually less than the sum of the effect of the two drugs taken independently of each other. This is because the second chemical increases the excretion of the first, or even directly blocks its toxic actions. Agonist, partial agonists, and antagonists compete for cellular receptors and can modify drug action. A drug that activates a receptor and produces the SAME type of response as the endogenous substance. Sometimes produce a greater maximal response than the endogenous chemical. PP: Giving > 1 drug with same action as the therapeutic effect (cumulative effect) Pharmacodynamics: Receptor theory: Drugs that produce a therapeutic response. May be strong or weak; response varies by drug & other factors. Most are not specific to one site but produce similar effects on similar cells through the body. These are nonspecific or nonselective. Agonists bind to the receptor for drug effect. Antagonist, antagonistic drug effect - correct answer Agonist, partial agonist, and antagonists compete for cellular receptors and can modify drug action. Antagonist is a drug that occupy a receptor and prevent the endogenous chemical from binding to produce its action. Often competes with agonist for receptor binding sites. May be used when the body is producing too much of a response from an