Life 103 Final Exam CSU (exam 1-3) Questions & Answers Already Passed!!

Phylogeny - Answer-Classification of organisms according to evolutionary relationships. Taxonomy - Answer-Evolutionary classification Linnaean system of classification (taxonomy) - Answer-Domain> Kingdom> Phylum> Class> Order> Family> Genus> Species (Did King Phillip Come Over For Grandma's Soup) [ex. Homo sapien](italicized) Phylogeny relationships - Answer-Basal Group: Branch from oldest common ancestor, no other branch from species. Sister Taxa: Share common ancestor Homologies - Answer-Comparing the structure of a body part or cell to infer a evolutionary relationship [Morphological and molecular homologies] (ex. Bones in a human hand to the bones in the fin of a whale) Anology - Answer-Same function but with different structures between two species. (ex. bird wings and butterfly wings) Cladistics - Answer-Using shared characteristics of species to group into a heirarchy Maximum Parsimony (Cladistics) - Answer-Simplest explanation (fewest evolutionary events) Maximum Likelihood (Cladistics) - Answer-Uses DNA sequencing. uses probability for different types of mutations to form the most likely phylogenetic tree Assumptions about Cladistics - Answer-Characteristics of lineages change over timeAny combination of groups shares a common ancestor Bifurcating pattern of descent Molecular clock - Answer-Allows us to estimate time since common ancestor. Needs a fossil record or sample of estimated AVERAGE rate of mutation accumulation to calibrate the molecular clock. Prokaryotes - AnswerHorizontal Gene Transfer(HGT) - Answer-The movement of genes among individuals (same generation) How does Horizontal Gene Transfer work - Answer-1. Transformation: uptake of foreign DNA 2. Transaction: Phages carry prokaryotic genes between cells; inject genes from donor into recipient. 3. Conjugation: DNA transferred between two cells that are temporarily joined (antibiotic resistance) Prokaryotic lineage evolution and genetic diversity - Answer-Genetic Recombination (HGT) rapid reproduction and mutation Protists (Protista) - Answer-Membrane bound organelles Well developed cytoskeleton (Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protists) Porifera - Answer-Basal group of animalsLack of true tissues (sponges) Tissue development - AnswerDiploblastic development - Answer-The blastula undergoes gastrulation (inversion [pushing in a flat soccer ball into itself]) to for the Gastula (2 layers) Cnidarians - Answer-(Jellyfish, hydras) Diploblastic (two tissue layers) Jawless Two forms: -Medusozoans: Medusa and polyp form -Anthozoans: only polyp form Clade Bilateria - Answer-Characterized by their bilateral symmetry and they are triploblastic (Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm) Digestive tract with 2 opening (mouth and anus) -protostomes vs. deuterostomes Protostomes vs Deuterostomes - Answer-Protostomes: Mouth develops first (from the blastula) -Lophotrochozoa (sea snails) -Ecdysozoa (lobsters) Deuterostomes: Mouth develops second -Deuterostomia (fish)Arthropods - Answer-Segmented bodies, hard exoskeleton, and joined appendages Jawless Deuterstomes (Chelicerates, Myriapods, and Pancrustations)