Life 103 CSU Final Exam questions and answers all are correct 2024 graded A+

Parenchyma cells - Play a role in storage, secrection, and photosynthesis in cells. Have thin and flexible primary walls, large central vacuole, lack secondary walls, photosynthesize Ground Tissue - Tissue system that makes up the majority of a plant What is ground tissue composed of? - Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma Collenchyma cells - Provide flexible and mechanical support; found in stems and leaves, used for new plants. Lacking secondary walls. Strings on a celery stalk Sclerenchyma cells - A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity. Dead at functional maturity. _____ cells are dead at functional maturity. - Sclerenchyma Sclereids - Short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls Fibers - Long and slender and arranges in threads-source of linen and rope Xylem - Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant Tracheids - Makes up Xylem; found in all vascular plants, tubular, elongated and dead, water transfers via pits in the thracheids Vessel elements - Structures that, along with tracheids, make up xylem. Larger diameter and shorter, aligned and end-to-end to form vessels, end walls have perforation plates.Tracheids meet at a _____ line. - Slanted Vessel elements meet at a _____ line. - Flat Sieve-tube elements - Found in Phloem, alive at functional maturity, lack organelles (including nucleus), allows sugars to flow more easily Sieve plates - The porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube Companion cell - Phloem cell that surrounds sieve tube elements; One for each sieve-tube element, nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells Which cell type performs most of the metabolic functions of the plant? - Parenchyma cells Indeterminate growth - A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives. Determinate growth - A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached. Annuals - A plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season. Biennials - Angiosperms that complete their life cycle in two years Perennials - Live for many years Vernalization - The use of cold treatment to induce a plant to flower. Meristems - Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth. Similar to animal stem cells.Apical Meristem - Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length. Primary growth - Growth produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots. What is the plant equivalent of stem cells? - Meristems Secondary growth - Growth produced by lateral meristems, which thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. Lateral meristems - A meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems. Vascular Cambium - A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem. Cork Cambium - Replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher Epidermis - Outer layer of skin Periderm - The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium. Which cell type carries water from roots to leaves? - Vessel elements The vascular cambium is a cylinder of _____ cells one cell layer thick - Meristematic Meristematic cells - Cells undergoing mitosis at the root tip