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Samenvatting Ontwik-psychopathologie (POP98a)

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Deze samenvatting omvat alle beschikbare informatie: de slides en eigen notities (er is geen handboek beschikbaar bij dit vak). Op het einde van het document wordt de structuur en focus van het examen meegedeeld. Ik behaalde een 15/20 met dit document.

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1 De ontwikkelingspsychopathologische benadering ....................................................................................... 1
1.1 Definitie en historiek ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Definitie ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Historiek ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Basisprincipes en kernconcepten ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Zowel typische als atypische ontwikkeling.................................................................................................. 1
1.2.2 Continuïteit en discontinuïteit in ontwikkeling ........................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 Ontwikkeling in context .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.4 Multipele niveaus van analyse .................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.5 Risico, bescherming en aanverwante concepten........................................................................................ 4
1.2.6 Transactioneel ontwikkelingsmodel............................................................................................................ 8
1.2.7 Equifinaliteit en multifinaliteit .................................................................................................................... 9

2 Typische vraagstellingen en onderzoeksdesigns ............................................................................................ 9
2.1 Onderzoeksdesigns .......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Retrospectieve designs ............................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.2 Prospectieve designs ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Conceptuele principes .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Belangrijke statistische technieken (1 EXAMENVRAAG!!) ............................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Uitdagingen ............................................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Traditionele Structural Equation Modeling............................................................................................... 14
2.3.3 Growth Curve Modeling ............................................................................................................................ 15
2.3.4 Mixture Modeling...................................................................................................................................... 17
2.3.5 Oefening abstractvraag (examenvraag) .................................................................................................... 18

3 Temperament en persoonlijkheid ............................................................................................................... 22
3.1 Wat is temperament? .................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2 Belangrijkste modellen .................................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.1 Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess ............................................................................................................. 22
3.2.2 Arnold Buss & Robert Plomin .................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.3 Mary Rothbart ( !!) .................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.4 Jerome Kagan ............................................................................................................................................ 24
3.2.5 Huidige conceptualisatie van temperament ............................................................................................. 25
3.3 . Link met psychopathologie .......................................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Wat is persoonlijkheid?.................................................................................................................................. 29
3.5 Belangrijkste modellen .................................................................................................................................. 29

1

, 3.5.1 Jeffrey Gray ............................................................................................................................................... 29
3.5.2 Vijffactorenmodel ..................................................................................................................................... 30
3.6 Link met psychopathologie ............................................................................................................................ 31
3.7 Integratie ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.7.1 vroeger: ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.7.2 recenter: .................................................................................................................................................... 33

4 De ontwikkeling van internaliserend probleemgedrag ................................................................................ 36
4.1 Typische en atypische ontwikkeling van angst .............................................................................................. 36
4.2 Risico- en beschermingsfactoren in dynamische transacties ........................................................................ 40
4.2.1 Risico- en beschermende factoren op verschillende niveaus van context ............................................... 40
4.2.2 Integratief ontwikkelingsmodel ................................................................................................................ 44
4.1 Typische en atypische ontwikkeling van stemming ....................................................................................... 46
4.1.1 Prevalentie ................................................................................................................................................ 47
4.2 Risico- en beschermingsfactoren in dynamische transacties ........................................................................ 48
4.2.1 Risico- en beschermende factoren op verschillende niveaus van context ............................................... 48
4.2.2 Integratief ontwikkelingsmodel ................................................................................................................ 53

5 De ontwikkeling van externaliserend probleemgedrag ................................................................................ 55
5.1 Typische en atypische ontwikkeling van agressie, gehoorzaamheid en moraliteit ....................................... 55
5.1.1 Ontwikkeling van agressief gedrag ........................................................................................................... 56
5.1.2 Ontwikkeling van gehoorzaamheid ........................................................................................................... 57
5.1.3 Ontwikkeling van prosociaal gedrag en moraliteit ................................................................................... 57
5.1.4 Gedragsstoornissen ................................................................................................................................... 58
5.2 Risico- en beschermingsfactoren in dynamische transacties ........................................................................ 61
5.2.1 Subtypes .................................................................................................................................................... 61
5.3 Callous-Unemotional traits ............................................................................................................................ 63
5.3.1 Achtergrond: ontwikkelingstraject psychopathie ..................................................................................... 63
5.3.2 Interactief model ➔ ontwikkelingsmodel? .............................................................................................. 68
5.3.3 Vragen voor toekomstig onderzoek: ......................................................................................................... 68

EXAMEN: ........................................................................................................................................................... 70




2

,6 Gehechtheid en de ontwikkeling van psychopathologie .............................................................................. 71
6.1 Normale ontwikkeling van gehechtheid ........................................................................................................ 71
6.2 Categoriale en dimensionale benaderingen van gehechtheid ...................................................................... 72
6.2.1 Indeling in gehechtheidstypes (SSP) ......................................................................................................... 72
6.2.2 Beoordeling van gehechtheid op latere leeftijd........................................................................................ 74
6.2.3 Dimensionale benadering ......................................................................................................................... 74
6.3 Onveilige gehechtheid als kwetsbaarheidsfactor .......................................................................................... 74
6.4 Mechanismen?............................................................................................................................................... 75
6.4.1 Intern werkmodel...................................................................................................................................... 75
6.4.2 Emotieregulatie ......................................................................................................................................... 77
6.4.3 Andere ....................................................................................................................................................... 79




3

, 1 DE ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOPATHOLOGISCHE BENADERING

1.1 Definitie en historiek

1.1.1 Definitie

“Developmental psychopathology is an evolving interdisciplinary scientific field that seeks to elucidate the interplay
among the biological, psychological, and social-contextual aspects of normal and abnormal development across the
life course”
“Developmental psychopathology is the study of developmental processes that contribute to, or protect against
psychopathology”
• Brede focus:
o Zowel typische als atypische ontwikkeling (niet alleen psychopathologie)
o Biologische, psychologische en sociaal-contextuele invloeden
o Risicoverhogende en beschermende factoren

• Daardoor noodzakelijkerwijze interdisciplinair
o Verschillende wetenschapsgebieden
o Verschillende theorieën binnen elk gebied
o ‘macroparadigma’


1.1.2 Historiek

• Psychoanalytische school
o Volgde deze gedachten al sterk → Freud: manier waarop we omgaan met gebeurtenissen kan
invloed hebben op verminderde ontwikkeling
• 1974 Achenbach: Developmental Psychopathology
• 1984 Cicchetti: special issue Child Development, over het ‘domein’ van de ontwikkelingspsychopathologie


1.2 Basisprincipes en kernconcepten

1.2.1 Zowel typische als atypische ontwikkeling

• Typische en atypische ontwikkeling verlopen via dezelfde principes
o Kennis van typische ontwikkeling nodig om atypische te begrijpen
o Onderzoek naar atypische ontwikkeling verhoogt ook kennis van de typische ontwikkeling
▪ We moeten het gedrag steeds bekijken in het licht van de leeftijd/ontwikkelingsfase van het
kind
▪ Vb: onderzoek ASS over perspectief van anderen in nemen → brengt veel kennis bij over
theory of mind

• Staat haaks op gebruik van stoorniscategorieën
o Ondersteund door evidentie dat meeste psychiatrische stoornissen dimensioneel zijn
o Vb: dimensie aandachtsmogelijkheden → kan hier laag of hoog op scoren; er zijn individuele
verschillen die zich situeren op continuüm
o Ook al zit het soms op een continuüm, kan het toch nuttig zijn om soms categoriaal te werken
▪ Behandeling nodig; ja of nee? (daarom is dit nog niet altijd empirisch onderbouwd)




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