WSU Biology 106 Final (Hellman&Carloye) with Verified Solutions

WSU Biology 106 Final (Hellman&Carloye) with Verified Solutions Independent variable Value does not depend on another factor Dependent variable Value depends on another factor Controlled variable Kept the same throughout the experiment What are the two key tissues that allow plants to transport water or organic nutrients, respectively, over long distances? Xylem - water and minerals from roots to shoots Phloem - transports sugars from photosynthesis to where they are needed In the root, plants need to take up more CO2 or O2? More O2 Is the need for CO2 and O2 in leaves the same when compared to roots? The difference is because of what the plant needs at that certain spot. The CO2 is needed for photosynthesis to make sugar for the plant Why do you think there is/is not a difference in gas exchange when you compare roots with leaves? If you look at the apoplast and the symplast, which of the following statements are true? In the apoplastic route water and solute move along the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces If you add sugar to water does the water potential increase or decrease? Decrease How is osmosis defined? Diffusion of free water What is a protoplast? Living part of the cell which includes plasma membrane How would you define transpiration? Loss of water vapor through cells The Casparian Strip is located in the endodermis. What is its function? Blocks passive flow of materials into the root vascular tissue of the plant What are rhizobia They can generate ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for plants? They promote growth through chemicals they produce and they also produce antibodies that protect the roots from disease. Absorb toxic metals Why are rhizobacteria beneficial for agriculture? They can increase crop yield and reduce the amount of fertilizer and pesticides needed What is a nodule and what is the reason why they appear sometimes reddish? It is composed of plant cells that have been "infected" by Rhizobium. They appear reddish because of a molecule named leghemoglobin, an iron containing protein that binds reversibly to oxygen. Similar to the hemoglobin in humans red blood cells What does the enzyme 'nitrogenase' catalyze? Atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia What is the difference between endo- and ectomycorrhizae? Ecto do not penetrate the root cortex, whereas endo grow into the invaginations of the root cell membranes called arbuscules Do the mycorrhiaze have a symbiotic or mutualistic relationship Mutualistic Why have some plants adapted to a carnivorous live style They lack some of the minerals so they eat insects. Most of it is because of poor nitrogen in the soil How many elements have been found in plants, and how many of these are considered to be 'essential'? 17 and 9 are essential Based on a plant's dry mass, what are the four most common macronutrients found in plants? Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen How can you distinguish a plant that suffers from phosphorus deficiency versus a nitrogen- deficient plants Phosphorus - reddish purple margins Nitrogen - yellowing of plant at the tip and going towards the center of plant What is 'humus' and why is it important for the plant? The remains of dead organisms and other organic matter. It is important to the plant to fertilize it What are 'loams', and why is it important for soil to be loamy? The most fertile topsoil, it is important because in loams there is enough space to deliver oxygen to the roots. Made up of sand silt and clay Why is pH such an important factor for soil quality? It is important because if the soil is to acidic then a molecule might bond to the soil to much