Human Anatomy & Physiology Review.docx

anatomy - correct answer the study of shape and structure of an organism and its parts physiology - correct answer the study of the function of an organism and its parts histology - correct answer the study of tissues tissues - correct answer groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function (most are vascular); classified into 4 groups vascular - correct answer blood vessels run through connective tissue - correct answer type of tissue that includes bones, ligaments, blood, lymph, tendons, fat, cartilage; they support, connect, and protect; usually not next to each other- have a matrix in between matrix - correct answer can be fluid, semi-solid, or solid; bone= solid, blood= fluid, tendons, ligaments, cartilage= semisolid epithelial tissue - correct answer type of tissue that consists of layers of cells that cover or line external and internal surfaces (organs and blood vessels); vary in thickness (single layer to multiple layers like skin); cells bind tightly together in a protective barrier (some have special functions) muscle tissue - correct answer type of tissue that allows cells to contract to move the body or substances through the body; 3 types- skeletal, smooth, cardiac (each of which is either voluntary or involuntary); skeletal= voluntary, smooth= involuntary, cardiac= involuntary nervous tissue - correct answer type of tissue which consists of cells that receive and transmit electrochemical impulses from muscles, glands, and other nerve cells (brain, spinal cord, nerves); coordinates muscular movement, interprets sensations from environment, and controls thought processes and emotions cavities of the body - correct answer cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal integumentary system - correct answer 1.8 sq. meters of skin covers body; 6 functions- protection, sensation, temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin D manufacture, absorption epidermic - correct answer superficial layer of the skin; made of layers of epithelial cells stratum basale - correct answer deepest layer of the epidermis, cell division stratum corneum - correct answer layer of skin that develops when the cell die and fill with a waxy protein called keratin- then become outer layer of epidermis (every 25 days- new epidermis) Dermis - correct answer layer of skin composed of connective tissues; consists of blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, hail follicles, and oil glands exocrine glands - correct answer glands that release secretion through ducts; 2 types- sebaceous glands and sweat glands subcutaneous layer - correct answer not part of the skin, but rather a portion of the integumentary system that attaches the dermis to the muscle underneath; composed of connective tissue; fat deposits in this layer to insulate, cushion, and contour body sweat glands - correct answer glands that release moisture; aid in temperature control and elimination of waste sebaceous glands - correct answer glands that produce oil (moisturize; prevent skin from cracking and bleeding); mostly attached to hair follicles; concentrated on scalp, face, forehead, none on palms/ soles of feet) skeletal system - correct answer system whose functions are protection, support, movement, storage for minerals (calcium and phosphorous), blood cell production (in marrow of long bones) axial skeleton - correct answer one of the main skeletal groups; includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; involved in protection, support and carrying other body parts appendicular skeleton - correct answer bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder/ pelvic girdle; involved in locomotion and manipulation of the environment long bones - correct answer classification of bones consisting of the arms and legs (where bone marrow is found) short bones - correct answer classification of bones consisting of the wrists and ankles flat bone - correct answer classification of bones consisting of the ribs and skull irregular bones - correct answer classification of bones consisting of the inside of the skull sesamoid bones - correct answer also known as round bones; classification of bones consisting of the patella/ kneecap endosteum - correct answer cavity of the bone periosteum - correct answer part of bone responsible for muscle attachment articular cartilage - correct answer part of bone responsible for smooth movement red bone marrow - correct answer type of bone marrow that produces red blood cells, and other types of blood cells yellow bone marrow - correct answer type of bone marrow that replaces fatty tissue with red bone marrow as you age spongy bone - correct answer filled with many small spaces that are filled with red bone marrow and fat; site of blood cell production in lifetime; softer bone that allows for cushion upon impact joint - correct answer connection between 2 bones or between cartilage and bone; ligaments join bone to bone; tendons join muscle to bone; classified according to degree of movement (freely moveable, slightly moveable, and immoveable) skeletal muscle - correct answer muscle that is straited (dark and light stripes in the cell) smooth muscle - correct answer muscle that is not straited cardiac - correct answer straitions not regular like skeletal sliding filament theory - correct answer 1.) heads of myosin (thick myofibrils) are relaxed 2.) influx of calcium ions unblocks binding site on actin filaments (thick myofibrils) 3.) myosin heads bind to actin and pull it- by rotating of gobbler heads (power stroke) 4.) power stroke causes shortening of sarcomere 5.) ATP binds to myosin, causing myosin to release actin binding site, ADP is released origin - correct answer attachment of muscle's tendon to stationary bone